World's Best Scientists 2026 revealed!

D-Index & Metrics

Immunology

D-Index
146
Citations
88887
World Ranking
134
National Ranking
90

Medicine

D-Index
146
Citations
88958
World Ranking
1330
National Ranking
770

William E. Paul publication distribution in Immunology in 2026

The chart shows the distribution of publications by all Research.com ranked scientists in the field of Immunology in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where William E. Paul sits on this spectrum.

62–71 publications: 9 scientists 72–81 publications: 23 scientists 82–91 publications: 40 scientists 92–101 publications: 72 scientists 102–111 publications: 86 scientists 112–121 publications: 108 scientists 122–131 publications: 150 scientists 132–141 publications: 160 scientists 142–151 publications: 159 scientists 152–161 publications: 189 scientists 162–171 publications: 166 scientists 172–181 publications: 181 scientists 182–191 publications: 188 scientists 192–201 publications: 187 scientists 202–211 publications: 178 scientists 212–221 publications: 158 scientists 222–231 publications: 168 scientists 232–241 publications: 159 scientists 242–251 publications: 160 scientists 252–261 publications: 148 scientists 262–271 publications: 116 scientists 272–281 publications: 125 scientists 282–291 publications: 115 scientists 292–301 publications: 111 scientists 302–311 publications: 95 scientists 312–321 publications: 97 scientists 322–331 publications: 97 scientists 332–341 publications: 99 scientists 342–351 publications: 96 scientists 352–361 publications: 68 scientists 362–371 publications: 76 scientists 372–381 publications: 71 scientists 382–391 publications: 71 scientists 392–401 publications: 62 scientists 402–411 publications: 54 scientists 412–421 publications: 41 scientists 422–431 publications: 63 scientists 432–441 publications: 53 scientists 442–451 publications: 31 scientists 452–461 publications: 42 scientists 462–471 publications: 40 scientists 472–481 publications: 29 scientists 482–491 publications: 34 scientists 492–501 publications: 30 scientists 502–511 publications: 23 scientists 512–521 publications: 41 scientists 522–531 publications: 29 scientists 532–541 publications: 28 scientists 542–551 publications: 16 scientists 552–561 publications: 18 scientists 562–571 publications: 18 scientists 572–581 publications: 17 scientists 582–591 publications: 17 scientists 592–601 publications: 17 scientists 602–611 publications: 19 scientists 612–621 publications: 13 scientists 622–631 publications: 12 scientists 632–641 publications: 11 scientists 642–651 publications: 16 scientists 652–661 publications: 9 scientists 662–671 publications: 5 scientists 672–681 publications: 13 scientists 682–691 publications: 12 scientists 692–701 publications: 6 scientists 702–711 publications: 6 scientists 712–721 publications: 9 scientists 722–731 publications: 9 scientists 732–741 publications: 6 scientists 742–751 publications: 11 scientists 752–761 publications: 10 scientists 762–771 publications: 7 scientists 772–781 publications: 12 scientists 782–791 publications: 7 scientists 792–801 publications: 5 scientists 802–806 publications: 1 scientists 807+ publications: 100 scientists
62 publications 807+

This scientist: 585 publications — 93rd percentile

93% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 807 publications or more.

William E. Paul D-index placement in Immunology in 2026

The chart shows the D-index (discipline H-index) distribution of Immunology scientists ranked by Research.com in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where William E. Paul sits on this spectrum.

40–41 D-Index: 28 scientists 42–43 D-Index: 91 scientists 44–45 D-Index: 157 scientists 46–47 D-Index: 192 scientists 48–49 D-Index: 175 scientists 50–51 D-Index: 188 scientists 52–53 D-Index: 177 scientists 54–55 D-Index: 155 scientists 56–57 D-Index: 194 scientists 58–59 D-Index: 201 scientists 60–61 D-Index: 197 scientists 62–63 D-Index: 201 scientists 64–65 D-Index: 173 scientists 66–67 D-Index: 167 scientists 68–69 D-Index: 172 scientists 70–71 D-Index: 199 scientists 72–73 D-Index: 184 scientists 74–75 D-Index: 133 scientists 76–77 D-Index: 162 scientists 78–79 D-Index: 127 scientists 80–81 D-Index: 121 scientists 82–83 D-Index: 125 scientists 84–85 D-Index: 121 scientists 86–87 D-Index: 102 scientists 88–89 D-Index: 96 scientists 90–91 D-Index: 75 scientists 92–93 D-Index: 72 scientists 94–95 D-Index: 74 scientists 96–97 D-Index: 66 scientists 98–99 D-Index: 68 scientists 100–101 D-Index: 49 scientists 102–103 D-Index: 60 scientists 104–105 D-Index: 54 scientists 106–107 D-Index: 36 scientists 108–109 D-Index: 23 scientists 110–111 D-Index: 52 scientists 112–113 D-Index: 41 scientists 114–115 D-Index: 34 scientists 116–117 D-Index: 25 scientists 118–119 D-Index: 28 scientists 120–121 D-Index: 11 scientists 122–123 D-Index: 20 scientists 124–125 D-Index: 27 scientists 126–127 D-Index: 19 scientists 128–129 D-Index: 20 scientists 130–131 D-Index: 16 scientists 132–133 D-Index: 17 scientists 134–135 D-Index: 14 scientists 136–137 D-Index: 15 scientists 138–139 D-Index: 9 scientists 140–141 D-Index: 11 scientists 142–143 D-Index: 9 scientists 144–145 D-Index: 9 scientists 146–147 D-Index: 7 scientists 148–149 D-Index: 7 scientists 150–151 D-Index: 7 scientists 152–153 D-Index: 5 scientists 154–155 D-Index: 8 scientists 156 D-Index: 6 scientists 157+ D-Index: 96 scientists
40 D-Index 157+

This scientist: 146 D-Index — 97th percentile

97% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 157 D-Index or more.

Research.com Recognitions

  • 2002 - American Association of Immunologists Lifetime Achievement Award
  • 1990 - Member of the National Academy of Medicine (NAM)
  • 1951 - Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Overview

William E. Paul was a scientist affiliated with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in the United States. Their career was marked by involvement in immunology and related biomedical research fields.

Throughout their professional life, William E. Paul received several recognitions. These included the American Association of Immunologists Lifetime Achievement Award in 2002, membership in the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) awarded in 1990, and being named a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 1951.

The data available does not include specific details about publications, co-authors, or distinct main and subfields of study. There are no listed recent papers, frequent publication venues, book publications, or defined main topics in their work.

The scientist's career was evidently dedicated to advancing the field of immunology, as suggested by their affiliation and the nature of awards received.

Best Publications

  • Interferon-gamma and B cell stimulatory factor-1 reciprocally regulate Ig isotype production

    Clifford M. Snapper;William E. Paul

  • Lymphocyte responses and cytokines

    William E. Paul;Robert A. Seder

  • Mast cell lines produce lymphokines in response to cross-linkage of Fc epsilon RI or to calcium ionophores.

    Marshall Plaut;Jacalyn H. Pierce;Cynthia J. Watson;Joan Hanley-Hyde

  • Mechanisms underlying lineage commitment and plasticity of helper CD4+ T cells.

    John J. O’Shea;William E. Paul

  • Impaired T H 17 cell differentiation in subjects with autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome

    Joshua D. Milner;Jason M. Brenchley;Jason M. Brenchley;Arian Laurence;Alexandra F. Freeman

  • Lack of IL-4-induced Th2 response and IgE class switching in mice with disrupted Stat6 gene.

    Kazuya Shimoda;Jan van Deursent;Mark Y. Sangster;Sally R. Sarawar

  • Identification of a T cell-derived b cell growth factor distinct from interleukin 2.

    Maureen Howard;John Farrar;Mary Hilfiker;Barbara Johnson

  • Global Mapping of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 Reveals Specificity and Plasticity in Lineage Fate Determination of Differentiating CD4+ T Cells

    Gang Wei;Lai Wei;Jinfang Zhu;Chongzhi Zang

  • Generation of interleukin 4 (IL-4)-producing cells in vivo and in vitro: IL-2 and IL-4 are required for in vitro generation of IL-4-producing cells.

    G Le Gros;S Z Ben-Sasson;R Seder;F D Finkelman

  • The presence of interleukin 4 during in vitro priming determines the lymphokine-producing potential of CD4+ T cells from T cell receptor transgenic mice.

    R A Seder;W E Paul;M M Davis;B Fazekas de St Groth

  • Defective lymphoid development in mice lacking expression of the common cytokine receptor gamma chain.

    Xiqing Cao;Elizabeth W. Shores;Jane Hu-Li;Miriam R. Anver

  • CD4pos, NK1.1pos T cells promptly produce interleukin 4 in response to in vivo challenge with anti-CD3.

    T Yoshimoto;W E Paul

  • How are T H 2-type immune responses initiated and amplified?

    William E. Paul;Jinfang Zhu

  • Interleukin 12 acts directly on CD4+ T cells to enhance priming for interferon gamma production and diminishes interleukin 4 inhibition of such priming

    Robert A. Seder;Ricardo Gazzinelli;Alan Sher;William E. Paul

  • T-bet is rapidly induced by interferon-γ in lymphoid and myeloid cells

    Andre A. Lighvani;David M. Frucht;Dragana Jankovic;Hidehiro Yamane

  • B cell stimulatory factor-1 enhances the IgE response of lipopolysaccharide-activated B cells.

    R L Coffman;J Ohara;M W Bond;J Carty

  • Production of a monoclonal antibody to and molecular characterization of B-cell stimulatory factor-1.

    Junichi Ohara;William E. Paul

  • Conditional deletion of Gata3 shows its essential function in T(H)1-T(H)2 responses.

    Jinfang Zhu;Booki Min;Jane Hu-Li;Cynthia J Watson

  • NKT cell–mediated repression of tumor immunosurveillance by IL-13 and the IL-4R–STAT6 pathway

    Masaki Terabe;So Matsui;Nancy Noben-Trauth;Hangjiong Chen

  • IL-4 is required to generate and sustain in vivo IgE responses.

    F D Finkelman;I M Katona;J F Urban;J Holmes

  • Transforming Growth Factor-β Production and Myeloid Cells Are an Effector Mechanism through Which CD1d-restricted T Cells Block Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte–mediated Tumor Immunosurveillance Abrogation Prevents Tumor Recurrence

    Masaki Terabe;So Matsui;Jong-Myun Park;Mizuko Mamura

Frequent Co-Authors

Jane Hu-Li
Jane Hu-Li National Institutes of Health
Jinfang Zhu
Jinfang Zhu National Institutes of Health
Clive P. Page
Clive P. Page King's College London
Ira Green
Ira Green National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Irwin Scher
Irwin Scher OperTechBio
James J. Mond
James J. Mond Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Ronald H. Schwartz
Ronald H. Schwartz National Institutes of Health
Fred D. Finkelman
Fred D. Finkelman University of Cincinnati
Donald E. Mosier
Donald E. Mosier Scripps Research Institute
Baruj Benacerraf
Baruj Benacerraf Harvard University

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Related Online Degrees & Career Pathways

For those interested in Immunology, several adjacent fields offer promising career opportunities through accessible online programs. Nursing, for example, complements immunological knowledge and provides direct patient care roles. Many students explore the easiest absn to get into programs to quickly transition into a nursing career with a strong clinical foundation.

Similarly, becoming a Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) is another practical pathway, with numerous online options available for flexible learning. Those looking for the best easiest lpn programs to get into can find programs that balance affordability, scheduling, and quality instruction.

Advanced practice roles such as Nurse Practitioner (NP) provide specialized clinical skills that often incorporate immunology principles. Aspiring NPs may consider the easiest nurse practitioner degree programs to efficiently achieve their goals with flexible online study options.

Mental health nursing is another critical area where immunology intersects with patient care. Prospective PMHNPs will benefit from exploring the best pmhnp programs, which emphasize clinical placement opportunities essential for real-world experience and career advancement.

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