World's Best Scientists 2026 revealed!
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Best Female Scientists
2025

D-Index & Metrics

Best Female Scientists

D-Index
108
Citations
46701
World Ranking
971
National Ranking
592

Medicine

D-Index
110
Citations
48315
World Ranking
5527
National Ranking
2981

Linda S. Birnbaum publication distribution in Medicine in 2026

The chart shows the distribution of publications by all Research.com ranked scientists in the field of Medicine in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where Linda S. Birnbaum sits on this spectrum.

101–120 publications: 5 scientists 121–140 publications: 26 scientists 141–160 publications: 73 scientists 161–180 publications: 155 scientists 181–200 publications: 230 scientists 201–220 publications: 363 scientists 221–240 publications: 487 scientists 241–260 publications: 545 scientists 261–280 publications: 722 scientists 281–300 publications: 768 scientists 301–320 publications: 834 scientists 321–340 publications: 895 scientists 341–360 publications: 922 scientists 361–380 publications: 838 scientists 381–400 publications: 861 scientists 401–420 publications: 918 scientists 421–440 publications: 806 scientists 441–460 publications: 771 scientists 461–480 publications: 751 scientists 481–500 publications: 713 scientists 501–520 publications: 617 scientists 521–540 publications: 611 scientists 541–560 publications: 537 scientists 561–580 publications: 504 scientists 581–600 publications: 509 scientists 601–620 publications: 396 scientists 621–640 publications: 386 scientists 641–660 publications: 371 scientists 661–680 publications: 340 scientists 681–700 publications: 336 scientists 701–720 publications: 307 scientists 721–740 publications: 259 scientists 741–760 publications: 230 scientists 761–780 publications: 228 scientists 781–800 publications: 217 scientists 801–820 publications: 204 scientists 821–840 publications: 186 scientists 841–860 publications: 177 scientists 861–880 publications: 155 scientists 881–900 publications: 139 scientists 901–920 publications: 145 scientists 921–940 publications: 116 scientists 941–960 publications: 133 scientists 961–980 publications: 91 scientists 981–1,000 publications: 96 scientists 1,001–1,020 publications: 77 scientists 1,021–1,040 publications: 70 scientists 1,041–1,060 publications: 63 scientists 1,061–1,080 publications: 77 scientists 1,081–1,100 publications: 49 scientists 1,101–1,120 publications: 54 scientists 1,121–1,140 publications: 49 scientists 1,141–1,160 publications: 51 scientists 1,161–1,180 publications: 35 scientists 1,181–1,200 publications: 39 scientists 1,201–1,220 publications: 26 scientists 1,221–1,240 publications: 37 scientists 1,241–1,260 publications: 36 scientists 1,261–1,280 publications: 27 scientists 1,281–1,300 publications: 32 scientists 1,301–1,320 publications: 28 scientists 1,321–1,340 publications: 17 scientists 1,341–1,360 publications: 30 scientists 1,361–1,380 publications: 28 scientists 1,381–1,400 publications: 17 scientists 1,401–1,420 publications: 21 scientists 1,421–1,440 publications: 15 scientists 1,441–1,460 publications: 12 scientists 1,461–1,480 publications: 12 scientists 1,481–1,500 publications: 18 scientists 1,501–1,520 publications: 14 scientists 1,521–1,540 publications: 17 scientists 1,541–1,560 publications: 15 scientists 1,561–1,580 publications: 6 scientists 1,581–1,600 publications: 2 scientists 1,601–1,620 publications: 12 scientists 1,621–1,640 publications: 11 scientists 1,641–1,660 publications: 8 scientists 1,661–1,680 publications: 5 scientists 1,681–1,700 publications: 5 scientists 1,701–1,720 publications: 10 scientists 1,721–1,740 publications: 12 scientists 1,741–1,760 publications: 14 scientists 1,761–1,780 publications: 6 scientists 1,781–1,795 publications: 5 scientists 1,796+ publications: 100 scientists
101 publications 1,796+

This scientist: 532 publications — 63rd percentile

63% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 1,796 publications or more.

Linda S. Birnbaum D-index placement in Medicine in 2026

The chart shows the D-index (discipline H-index) distribution of Medicine scientists ranked by Research.com in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where Linda S. Birnbaum sits on this spectrum.

70–71 D-Index: 226 scientists 72–73 D-Index: 391 scientists 74–75 D-Index: 574 scientists 76–77 D-Index: 730 scientists 78–79 D-Index: 891 scientists 80–81 D-Index: 972 scientists 82–83 D-Index: 1,027 scientists 84–85 D-Index: 1,003 scientists 86–87 D-Index: 960 scientists 88–89 D-Index: 970 scientists 90–91 D-Index: 922 scientists 92–93 D-Index: 839 scientists 94–95 D-Index: 808 scientists 96–97 D-Index: 779 scientists 98–99 D-Index: 668 scientists 100–101 D-Index: 611 scientists 102–103 D-Index: 630 scientists 104–105 D-Index: 513 scientists 106–107 D-Index: 541 scientists 108–109 D-Index: 445 scientists 110–111 D-Index: 429 scientists 112–113 D-Index: 400 scientists 114–115 D-Index: 393 scientists 116–117 D-Index: 318 scientists 118–119 D-Index: 302 scientists 120–121 D-Index: 287 scientists 122–123 D-Index: 255 scientists 124–125 D-Index: 256 scientists 126–127 D-Index: 252 scientists 128–129 D-Index: 230 scientists 130–131 D-Index: 179 scientists 132–133 D-Index: 168 scientists 134–135 D-Index: 163 scientists 136–137 D-Index: 159 scientists 138–139 D-Index: 134 scientists 140–141 D-Index: 134 scientists 142–143 D-Index: 118 scientists 144–145 D-Index: 109 scientists 146–147 D-Index: 106 scientists 148–149 D-Index: 74 scientists 150–151 D-Index: 79 scientists 152–153 D-Index: 80 scientists 154–155 D-Index: 87 scientists 156–157 D-Index: 57 scientists 158–159 D-Index: 74 scientists 160–161 D-Index: 69 scientists 162–163 D-Index: 60 scientists 164–165 D-Index: 53 scientists 166–167 D-Index: 39 scientists 168–169 D-Index: 42 scientists 170–171 D-Index: 32 scientists 172–173 D-Index: 39 scientists 174–175 D-Index: 40 scientists 176–177 D-Index: 28 scientists 178–179 D-Index: 19 scientists 180–181 D-Index: 23 scientists 182–183 D-Index: 31 scientists 184–185 D-Index: 18 scientists 186–187 D-Index: 20 scientists 188–189 D-Index: 22 scientists 190–191 D-Index: 13 scientists 192–193 D-Index: 21 scientists 194–195 D-Index: 12 scientists 196–197 D-Index: 12 scientists 198–199 D-Index: 14 scientists 200–201 D-Index: 15 scientists 202–203 D-Index: 13 scientists 204–205 D-Index: 10 scientists 206–207 D-Index: 8 scientists 208–209 D-Index: 4 scientists 210–211 D-Index: 12 scientists 212–213 D-Index: 11 scientists 214–215 D-Index: 10 scientists 216 D-Index: 4 scientists 217+ D-Index: 98 scientists
70 D-Index 217+

This scientist: 110 D-Index — 73rd percentile

73% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 217 D-Index or more.

Research.com Recognitions

  • 2025 - Research.com Best Female Scientists Award
  • 2010 - Member of the National Academy of Medicine (NAM)

Overview

Linda S. Birnbaum is affiliated with the Research Triangle Park Foundation in the United States. Their primary research field is Environmental Science, with more than 100 publications. The subfields prominently addressed include Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Environmental Chemistry, Cancer Research, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, and Sociology and Political Science.

The scientist's research covers several main topics, including Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact, Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals, Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research, Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment, Air Quality and Health Impacts, Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging, and Fluoride Effects and Removal.

Recent scientific papers authored by this researcher span from 2020 to 2022 and include the following:

  • "Scientific Basis for Managing PFAS as a Chemical Class," 2020, Environmental Science & Technology Letters
  • "The COVID-19 pandemic and global environmental change: Emerging research needs," 2020, Environment International
  • "The True Cost of PFAS and the Benefits of Acting Now," 2021, Environmental Science & Technology
  • "Presumptive Contamination: A New Approach to PFAS Contamination Based on Likely Sources," 2022, Environmental Science & Technology Letters
  • "Beyond Cholinesterase Inhibition: Developmental Neurotoxicity of Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants and Plasticizers," 2021, Environmental Health Perspectives

Frequent coauthors include Mark F. Miller, Carol F. Kwiatkowski, Arlene Blum, Michael J. DeVito, and Maricel V. Maffini, reflecting collaborative research efforts among experts in related domains.

The scientist's work is regularly published in several venues, with the most frequent being UNC Libraries, Environmental Health Perspectives, Environment International, Environmental Science & Technology Letters, and Environmental Science & Technology.

Linda S. Birnbaum received recognition as a Member of the National Academy of Medicine in 2010.

Best Publications

  • The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and Mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.

    Martin Van den Berg;Linda S. Birnbaum;Michael Denison;Mike De Vito

  • Brominated flame retardants: cause for concern?

    Linda S Birnbaum;Daniele F Staskal

  • In vivo effects of bisphenol A in laboratory rodent studies

    Catherine A. Richter;Linda S. Birnbaum;Francesca Farabollini;Retha R. Newbold

  • Toxic equivalency factors for dioxin-like PCBs. Report on WHO-ECEH and IPCS consultation, December 1993

    U. G. Ahlborg;G. C. Becking;L. S. Birnbaum;A. Brouwer

  • Chapel Hill bisphenol A expert panel consensus statement: integration of mechanisms, effects in animals and potential to impact human health at current levels of exposure.

    Frederick S. vom Saal;Benson T Akingbemi;Scott M Belcher;Linda S. Birnbaum

  • Dioxins: An overview

    Arnold Schecter;Linda Birnbaum;John J. Ryan;John D. Constable

  • Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in U.S. mothers' milk.

    Arnold Schecter;Marian Pavuk;Olaf Päpke;John Jake Ryan

  • Halogenated flame retardants: do the fire safety benefits justify the risks?

    Susan D. Shaw;Arlene Blum;Roland Weber;Kurunthachalam Kannan

  • Cancer and developmental exposure to endocrine disruptors.

    Linda S Birnbaum;Suzanne E Fenton

  • Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in an expanded market basket survey of U.S. food and estimated PBDE dietary intake by age and sex.

    Arnold Schecter;Olaf Päpke;T. Robert Harris;K.C. Tung

  • Characterization of potential endocrine-related health effects at low-dose levels of exposure to PCBs.

    Abraham Brouwer;Matthew P. Longnecker;Linda S. Birnbaum;Jim Cogliano

  • Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates of Antinuclear Antibodies In the United States

    Minoru Satoh;Edward K. L. Chan;Lindsey A. Ho;Kathryn M. Rose

  • An Overview of the Effects of Dioxins and Dioxin-Like Compounds on Vertebrates, as Documented in Human and Ecological Epidemiology

    Sally S White;Linda S Birnbaum

  • E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem

    Michelle Heacock;Carol Bain Kelly;Kwadwo Ansong Asante;Linda S. Birnbaum

  • The mechanism of dioxin toxicity: relationship to risk assessment.

    Linda S. Birnbaum

  • NON-CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS OF TCDD IN ANIMALS

    Linda S. Birnbaum;Jouko Tuomisto

  • Toxicological Function of Adipose Tissue: Focus on Persistent Organic Pollutants

    Michele La Merrill;Claude Emond;Min Ji Kim;Min Ji Kim;Jean Philippe Antignac

  • Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: Integrating Environmental Influences

    Jerrold J. Heindel;John Balbus;Linda Birnbaum;Marie Noel Brune-Drisse

  • Functional aspects of developmental toxicity of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in experimental animals and human infants

    Abraham Brouwer;Ulf G. Ahlborg;Martin Van den Berg;Linda S. Birnbaum

  • Evaluation of the Association between Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Diabetes in Epidemiological Studies: A National Toxicology Program Workshop Review

    Kyla W. Taylor;Raymond F. Novak;Henry A. Anderson;Linda S. Birnbaum

Frequent Co-Authors

Arnold Schecter
Arnold Schecter The University of Texas at Austin
Olaf Päpke
Olaf Päpke Eurofins (Germany)
Michael S. Denison
Michael S. Denison University of California, Davis
Suzanne E. Fenton
Suzanne E. Fenton North Carolina State University
Melvin E. Andersen
Melvin E. Andersen Research Triangle Park Foundation
Heather M. Stapleton
Heather M. Stapleton Duke University
Russ Hauser
Russ Hauser Harvard University
David W. Threadgill
David W. Threadgill Texas A&M University
Stephen Safe
Stephen Safe Texas A&M University
Abraham Brouwer
Abraham Brouwer Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

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