World's Best Scientists 2026 revealed!
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Immunology
Spain
2026

D-Index & Metrics

Immunology

D-Index
93
Citations
25956
World Ranking
983
National Ranking
8

Medicine

D-Index
92
Citations
25789
World Ranking
11445
National Ranking
161

Mariano Esteban publication distribution in Immunology in 2026

The chart shows the distribution of publications by all Research.com ranked scientists in the field of Immunology in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where Mariano Esteban sits on this spectrum.

62–71 publications: 9 scientists 72–81 publications: 23 scientists 82–91 publications: 40 scientists 92–101 publications: 72 scientists 102–111 publications: 86 scientists 112–121 publications: 108 scientists 122–131 publications: 150 scientists 132–141 publications: 160 scientists 142–151 publications: 159 scientists 152–161 publications: 189 scientists 162–171 publications: 166 scientists 172–181 publications: 181 scientists 182–191 publications: 188 scientists 192–201 publications: 187 scientists 202–211 publications: 178 scientists 212–221 publications: 158 scientists 222–231 publications: 168 scientists 232–241 publications: 159 scientists 242–251 publications: 160 scientists 252–261 publications: 148 scientists 262–271 publications: 116 scientists 272–281 publications: 125 scientists 282–291 publications: 115 scientists 292–301 publications: 111 scientists 302–311 publications: 95 scientists 312–321 publications: 97 scientists 322–331 publications: 97 scientists 332–341 publications: 99 scientists 342–351 publications: 96 scientists 352–361 publications: 68 scientists 362–371 publications: 76 scientists 372–381 publications: 71 scientists 382–391 publications: 71 scientists 392–401 publications: 62 scientists 402–411 publications: 54 scientists 412–421 publications: 41 scientists 422–431 publications: 63 scientists 432–441 publications: 53 scientists 442–451 publications: 31 scientists 452–461 publications: 42 scientists 462–471 publications: 40 scientists 472–481 publications: 29 scientists 482–491 publications: 34 scientists 492–501 publications: 30 scientists 502–511 publications: 23 scientists 512–521 publications: 41 scientists 522–531 publications: 29 scientists 532–541 publications: 28 scientists 542–551 publications: 16 scientists 552–561 publications: 18 scientists 562–571 publications: 18 scientists 572–581 publications: 17 scientists 582–591 publications: 17 scientists 592–601 publications: 17 scientists 602–611 publications: 19 scientists 612–621 publications: 13 scientists 622–631 publications: 12 scientists 632–641 publications: 11 scientists 642–651 publications: 16 scientists 652–661 publications: 9 scientists 662–671 publications: 5 scientists 672–681 publications: 13 scientists 682–691 publications: 12 scientists 692–701 publications: 6 scientists 702–711 publications: 6 scientists 712–721 publications: 9 scientists 722–731 publications: 9 scientists 732–741 publications: 6 scientists 742–751 publications: 11 scientists 752–761 publications: 10 scientists 762–771 publications: 7 scientists 772–781 publications: 12 scientists 782–791 publications: 7 scientists 792–801 publications: 5 scientists 802–806 publications: 1 scientists 807+ publications: 100 scientists
62 publications 807+

This scientist: 414 publications — 82nd percentile

82% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 807 publications or more.

Mariano Esteban D-index placement in Immunology in 2026

The chart shows the D-index (discipline H-index) distribution of Immunology scientists ranked by Research.com in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where Mariano Esteban sits on this spectrum.

40–41 D-Index: 28 scientists 42–43 D-Index: 91 scientists 44–45 D-Index: 157 scientists 46–47 D-Index: 192 scientists 48–49 D-Index: 175 scientists 50–51 D-Index: 188 scientists 52–53 D-Index: 177 scientists 54–55 D-Index: 155 scientists 56–57 D-Index: 194 scientists 58–59 D-Index: 201 scientists 60–61 D-Index: 197 scientists 62–63 D-Index: 201 scientists 64–65 D-Index: 173 scientists 66–67 D-Index: 167 scientists 68–69 D-Index: 172 scientists 70–71 D-Index: 199 scientists 72–73 D-Index: 184 scientists 74–75 D-Index: 133 scientists 76–77 D-Index: 162 scientists 78–79 D-Index: 127 scientists 80–81 D-Index: 121 scientists 82–83 D-Index: 125 scientists 84–85 D-Index: 121 scientists 86–87 D-Index: 102 scientists 88–89 D-Index: 96 scientists 90–91 D-Index: 75 scientists 92–93 D-Index: 72 scientists 94–95 D-Index: 74 scientists 96–97 D-Index: 66 scientists 98–99 D-Index: 68 scientists 100–101 D-Index: 49 scientists 102–103 D-Index: 60 scientists 104–105 D-Index: 54 scientists 106–107 D-Index: 36 scientists 108–109 D-Index: 23 scientists 110–111 D-Index: 52 scientists 112–113 D-Index: 41 scientists 114–115 D-Index: 34 scientists 116–117 D-Index: 25 scientists 118–119 D-Index: 28 scientists 120–121 D-Index: 11 scientists 122–123 D-Index: 20 scientists 124–125 D-Index: 27 scientists 126–127 D-Index: 19 scientists 128–129 D-Index: 20 scientists 130–131 D-Index: 16 scientists 132–133 D-Index: 17 scientists 134–135 D-Index: 14 scientists 136–137 D-Index: 15 scientists 138–139 D-Index: 9 scientists 140–141 D-Index: 11 scientists 142–143 D-Index: 9 scientists 144–145 D-Index: 9 scientists 146–147 D-Index: 7 scientists 148–149 D-Index: 7 scientists 150–151 D-Index: 7 scientists 152–153 D-Index: 5 scientists 154–155 D-Index: 8 scientists 156 D-Index: 6 scientists 157+ D-Index: 96 scientists
40 D-Index 157+

This scientist: 93 D-Index — 81st percentile

81% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 157 D-Index or more.

Research.com Recognitions

  • 2026 - Research.com Immunology in Spain Leader Award
  • 2025 - Research.com Immunology in Spain Leader Award
  • 2022 - Research.com Immunology in Spain Leader Award

Overview

Mariano Esteban is affiliated with the Spanish National Research Council in Spain. Their research primarily focuses on the field of medicine, with a significant concentration on infectious diseases, immunology, molecular biology, virology, and epidemiology.

The scientist's recent publications reflect extensive involvement in SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 research, highlighting studies on vaccine development, immune responses, and viral infection mechanisms. Key papers published include:

  • Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Impact in Global Vaccination Programs against SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 (2021, Vaccines)
  • COVID-19 Vaccine Candidates Based on Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Expressing the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Induce Robust T- and B-Cell Immune Responses and Full Efficacy in Mice (2021, Journal of Virology)
  • The Bacterial Mucosal Immunotherapy MV130 Protects Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Improves COVID-19 Vaccines Immunogenicity (2021, Frontiers in Immunology)
  • Full protection from SARS-CoV-2 brain infection and damage in susceptible transgenic mice conferred by MVA-CoV2-S vaccine candidate (2023, Nature Neuroscience)
  • Is Carotid Body Infection Responsible for Silent Hypoxemia in COVID-19 Patients? (2020, Function)

Mariano Esteban collaborates regularly with a number of frequent co-authors, including Juan García-Arriaza, José M. Ordovás, Rocío García-Retamero, Beatriz González López-Valcárcel, and Marco Inzitari. These partnerships indicate a networked approach within specialized research communities.

The venues in which Esteban frequently publishes highlight areas of focus and expertise. Prominent publication venues are DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council), Frontiers in Immunology, Vaccines, npj Vaccines, and Journal of Virology.

The scientist's work spans various main topics connected to infectious diseases and immunology. Principal research topics include:

  • SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
  • COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
  • Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
  • HIV Research and Treatment
  • Animal Virus Infections Studies
  • Vaccines and Immunoinformatics Approaches
  • Poxvirus Research and Outbreaks

Best Publications

  • Impact of Protein Kinase PKR in Cell Biology: from Antiviral to Antiproliferative Action

    M. A. García;J. Gil;I. Ventoso;S. Guerra

  • The dsRNA protein kinase PKR: virus and cell control

    M.A. García;E.F. Meurs;M. Esteban

  • Induction of apoptosis by the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR): Mechanism of action

    Jesús Gil;Mariano Esteban

  • Quantification of antigen specific CD8+ T cells using an ELISPOT assay

    Yasushi Miyahira;Kenichiro Murata;Dolores Rodriguez;Juan R. Rodriguez

  • The Interferon-induced Double-Stranded RNA-Activated Protein Kinase Induces Apoptosis

    Sean Bong Lee;Mariano Esteban

  • Innate immune sensing of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is mediated by TLR2-TLR6, MDA-5 and the NALP3 inflammasome.

    Julie Delaloye;Thierry Roger;Quynh-Giao Steiner-Tardivel;Didier Le Roy

  • An HIV-1 clade C DNA prime, NYVAC boost vaccine regimen induces reliable, polyfunctional, and long-lasting T cell responses.

    Alexandre Harari;Pierre-Alexandre Bart;Wolfgang Stöhr;Gonzalo Tapia

  • Priming with recombinant influenza virus followed by administration of recombinant vaccinia virus induces CD8+ T-cell-mediated protective immunity against malaria

    Shengqiang Li;Mauricio Rodrigues;Dolores Rodriguez;Juan Ramon Rodriguez

  • Biology of Attenuated Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Recombinant Vector in Mice: Virus Fate and Activation of B- and T-Cell Immune Responses in Comparison with the Western Reserve Strain and Advantages as a Vaccine

    Juan C. Ramírez;M. Magdalena Gherardi;Mariano Esteban

  • Cryo-electron tomography of vaccinia virus

    Marek Cyrklaff;Cristina Risco;Jose Jesús Fernández;Maria Victoria Jiménez

  • Enhanced anti-tumour immunity requires the interplay between resident and circulating memory CD8+ T cells.

    Michel Enamorado;Salvador Iborra;Elena Priego;Elena Priego;Francisco J. Cueto;Francisco J. Cueto

  • Induction of Apoptosis by Double-Stranded-RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase (PKR) Involves the α Subunit of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 and NF-κB

    Jesús Gil;José Alcamí;Mariano Esteban

  • Translational resistance of late alphavirus mRNA to eIF2α phosphorylation: a strategy to overcome the antiviral effect of protein kinase PKR

    Iván Ventoso;Miguel Angel Sanz;Susana Molina;Juan José Berlanga

  • Endoplasmic Reticulum-Golgi Intermediate Compartment Membranes and Vimentin Filaments Participate in Vaccinia Virus Assembly

    Cristina Risco;Juan R. Rodríguez;Carmen López-Iglesias;José L. Carrascosa

  • Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Impact in Global Vaccination Programs against SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19.

    Carmen Elena Gómez;Beatriz Perdiguero;Mariano Esteban

  • The interferon system and vaccinia virus evasion mechanisms.

    Beatriz Perdiguero;Mariano Esteban

  • The Evolution of Poxvirus Vaccines

    Lucas Sánchez-Sampedro;Beatriz Perdiguero;Ernesto Mejías-Pérez;Juan García-Arriaza

  • Open reading frame 5 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus as a cause of virus-induced apoptosis.

    P Suárez;M Díaz-Guerra;C Prieto;M Esteban

  • Vaccinia virus E3L protein is an inhibitor of the interferon (i.f.n.)-induced 2-5A synthetase enzyme.

    Carmen Rivas;Jesús Gil;Zora Mělková;Mariano Esteban

  • Protection in dogs against visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum is achieved by immunization with a heterologous prime-boost regime using DNA and vaccinia recombinant vectors expressing LACK.

    Maria J. Ramiro;Juan J. Zárate;Tobias Hanke;Dolores Rodriguez

Frequent Co-Authors

Giuseppe Pantaleo
Giuseppe Pantaleo University of Lausanne
Carlos Oscar S. Sorzano
Carlos Oscar S. Sorzano Spanish National Research Council
Ralf Wagner
Ralf Wagner University of Regensburg
Bertram L. Jacobs
Bertram L. Jacobs Arizona State University
Jesús Gil
Jesús Gil Imperial College London
Jonathan L. Heeney
Jonathan L. Heeney University of Cambridge
Peter Liljeström
Peter Liljeström Karolinska Institute
Alfonso Valencia
Alfonso Valencia Barcelona Supercomputing Center
Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
Francisco Sánchez-Madrid Autonomous University of Madrid
David C. Montefiori
David C. Montefiori Duke University

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Related Online Degrees & Career Pathways

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Individuals without a nursing background can also enter the field through online bsn programs for non nurses. These accessible programs prepare graduates for foundational nursing roles that support immunology research and patient care.

Additionally, those seeking programs with less competitive admissions might consider absn programs with high acceptance rates. These provide a practical starting point for aspiring immunology-focused nursing professionals.

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