World's Best Scientists 2026 revealed!
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Best Female Scientists
2025

D-Index & Metrics

Best Female Scientists

D-Index
149
Citations
75648
World Ranking
157
National Ranking
96

Biology and Biochemistry

D-Index
145
Citations
67873
World Ranking
224
National Ranking
155

Research.com Recognitions

  • 2025 - Research.com Best Female Scientists Award
  • 2020 - Fellow of the Royal Society, United Kingdom
  • 2018 - Nobel Prize for the directed evolution of enzymes
  • 2014 - Fellow, National Academy of Inventors
  • 2011 - Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
  • 2009 - Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • 2008 - Member of the National Academy of Sciences
  • 2001 - Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE)
  • 2000 - Member of the National Academy of Engineering For integration of fundamentals in molecular biology, genetics, and bioengineering to the benefit of life science and industry.

Overview

What is she best known for?

The fields of study she is best known for:

  • Enzyme
  • Gene
  • DNA

Frances H. Arnold mainly focuses on Directed evolution, Biochemistry, Genetics, Protein engineering and Computational biology. Her Directed evolution research is multidisciplinary, incorporating elements of Mutagenesis, Amino acid and Thermostability. Her work in Biochemistry addresses issues such as Bacillus subtilis, which are connected to fields such as Mutant.

As a part of the same scientific family, Frances H. Arnold mostly works in the field of Genetics, focusing on Protein structure and, on occasion, Sequence alignment, Mutagenesis, Protein folding and Peptide sequence. Her study in Computational biology is interdisciplinary in nature, drawing from both Fitness landscape, Selection and Function. She has researched Enzyme in several fields, including Combinatorial chemistry, Chemical synthesis and Biocatalysis.

Her most cited work include:

  • Dynamic pattern formation in a vesicle-generating microfluidic device. (1630 citations)
  • A Microfabricated Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorter (989 citations)
  • A synthetic multicellular system for programmed pattern formation (935 citations)

What are the main themes of her work throughout her whole career to date?

Her primary scientific interests are in Directed evolution, Biochemistry, Enzyme, Stereochemistry and Protein engineering. Her Directed evolution study is related to the wider topic of Genetics. Her specific area of interest is Enzyme, where she studies Cofactor.

Her work carried out in the field of Stereochemistry brings together such families of science as Enantioselective synthesis, Cyclopropanation, Substrate, Cytochrome P450 and Carbene. The study incorporates disciplines such as Heme and Hydroxylation in addition to Cytochrome P450. In her research, Combinatorial chemistry is intimately related to Catalysis, which falls under the overarching field of Biocatalysis.

She most often published in these fields:

  • Directed evolution (33.73%)
  • Biochemistry (26.08%)
  • Enzyme (20.59%)

What were the highlights of her more recent work (between 2013-2021)?

  • Directed evolution (33.73%)
  • Stereochemistry (20.20%)
  • Catalysis (10.00%)

In recent papers she was focusing on the following fields of study:

Frances H. Arnold mainly focuses on Directed evolution, Stereochemistry, Catalysis, Enzyme and Biocatalysis. Her Directed evolution research incorporates elements of Amination, Nanotechnology, Biochemical engineering, Protein engineering and Computational biology. Frances H. Arnold combines subjects such as Genetics and Recombination with her study of Computational biology.

Her studies in Stereochemistry integrate themes in fields like Cyclopropanation, Tryptophan synthase, Cytochrome P450 and Carbene. Enzyme is a subfield of Biochemistry that Frances H. Arnold tackles. Her Biocatalysis research is multidisciplinary, relying on both Molecule, Enzyme catalysis, Enantiomer and Substrate.

Between 2013 and 2021, her most popular works were:

  • Directed Evolution: Bringing New Chemistry to Life. (317 citations)
  • Directed evolution of cytochrome c for carbon–silicon bond formation: Bringing silicon to life (267 citations)
  • Expanding the Enzyme Universe: Accessing Non‐Natural Reactions by Mechanism‐Guided Directed Evolution (266 citations)

In her most recent research, the most cited papers focused on:

  • Enzyme
  • Gene
  • DNA

Her main research concerns Directed evolution, Biocatalysis, Catalysis, Protein engineering and Stereochemistry. In her works, Frances H. Arnold conducts interdisciplinary research on Directed evolution and Pyrococcus furiosus. Her Catalysis research is multidisciplinary, incorporating perspectives in Combinatorial chemistry and Molecule.

Protein engineering is a subfield of Enzyme that Frances H. Arnold explores. Enzyme is a subfield of Biochemistry that Frances H. Arnold investigates. Her research in Stereochemistry intersects with topics in Regioselectivity, Tryptophan, Cyclopropanation, Active site and Hemeprotein.

Best Publications

  • Dynamic pattern formation in a vesicle-generating microfluidic device.

    Todd Thorsen;Richard W. Roberts;Frances H. Arnold;Stephen R. Quake

  • A microfabricated fluorescence-activated cell sorter

    Anne Y. Fu;Charles Spence;Axel Scherer;Frances H. Arnold

  • A synthetic multicellular system for programmed pattern formation

    Subhayu Basu;Yoram Gerchman;Cynthia H. Collins;Frances H. Arnold

  • Protein stability promotes evolvability.

    Jesse D. Bloom;Sy T. Labthavikul;Christopher R. Otey;Frances H. Arnold

  • Molecular evolution by staggered extension process (StEP) in vitro recombination

    Huimin Zhao;Lori Giver;Zhixin Shao;Joseph A. Affholter

  • Exploring protein fitness landscapes by directed evolution

    Philip A. Romero;Frances H. Arnold

  • Engineering microbial consortia: a new frontier in synthetic biology.

    Katie Brenner;Lingchong You;Frances H. Arnold

  • Directed Evolution: Bringing New Chemistry to Life.

    Frances H. Arnold

  • Design by Directed Evolution

    Frances H. Arnold

  • Why highly expressed proteins evolve slowly

    D. Allan Drummond;Jesse D. Bloom;Christoph Adami;Christoph Adami;Claus O. Wilke;Claus O. Wilke

  • Programmed population control by cell-cell communication and regulated killing.

    Lingchong You;Robert Sidney Cox;Ron Weiss;Frances H. Arnold

  • Machine-learning-guided directed evolution for protein engineering.

    Kevin K. Yang;Zachary Wu;Frances H. Arnold

  • An Integrated Microfabricated Cell Sorter

    Anne Y. Fu;Hou-Pu Chou;Charles Spence;Frances H. Arnold

  • Long-Term Monitoring of Bacteria Undergoing Programmed Population Control in a Microchemostat

    Frederick K. Balagaddé;Lingchong You;Carl L. Hansen;Frances H. Arnold

  • Tuning the activity of an enzyme for unusual environments: sequential random mutagenesis of subtilisin E for catalysis in dimethylformamide

    Keqin Chen;Frances H. Arnold

  • Directed evolution of a thermostable esterase

    Lori Giver;Anne Gershenson;Per-Ola Freskgard;Frances H. Arnold

  • Metal-affinity separations: a new dimension in protein processing.

    Frances H. Arnold

  • Directed evolution of a para-nitrobenzyl esterase for aqueous-organic solvents.

    Jeffrey C. Moore;Frances H. Arnold

  • Combinatorial and computational challenges for biocatalyst design

    Frances H. Arnold

  • Engineering new catalytic activities in enzymes

    Kai Chen;Frances H. Arnold

Frequent Co-Authors

Jesse D. Bloom
Jesse D. Bloom Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Huimin Zhao
Huimin Zhao University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Viviana Gradinaru
Viviana Gradinaru California Institute of Technology
Rudi Fasan
Rudi Fasan University of Rochester
Stephen L. Mayo
Stephen L. Mayo California Institute of Technology
Claus O. Wilke
Claus O. Wilke The University of Texas at Austin
Harry B. Gray
Harry B. Gray California Institute of Technology
Stephen R. Quake
Stephen R. Quake Stanford University
Ulrich Schwaneberg
Ulrich Schwaneberg RWTH Aachen University
Zhen-Gang Wang
Zhen-Gang Wang California Institute of Technology

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