World's Best Scientists 2026 revealed!
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Best Female Scientists
2025

D-Index & Metrics

Best Female Scientists

D-Index
149
Citations
75648
World Ranking
157
National Ranking
96

Biology and Biochemistry

D-Index
145
Citations
67873
World Ranking
224
National Ranking
155

Frances H. Arnold publication distribution in Biology and Biochemistry in 2026

The chart shows the distribution of publications by all Research.com ranked scientists in the field of Biology and Biochemistry in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where Frances H. Arnold sits on this spectrum.

47–56 publications: 8 scientists 57–66 publications: 35 scientists 67–76 publications: 106 scientists 77–86 publications: 231 scientists 87–96 publications: 413 scientists 97–106 publications: 546 scientists 107–116 publications: 704 scientists 117–126 publications: 848 scientists 127–136 publications: 980 scientists 137–146 publications: 942 scientists 147–156 publications: 969 scientists 157–166 publications: 949 scientists 167–176 publications: 951 scientists 177–186 publications: 915 scientists 187–196 publications: 787 scientists 197–206 publications: 840 scientists 207–216 publications: 733 scientists 217–226 publications: 708 scientists 227–236 publications: 651 scientists 237–246 publications: 605 scientists 247–256 publications: 510 scientists 257–266 publications: 524 scientists 267–276 publications: 434 scientists 277–286 publications: 417 scientists 287–296 publications: 350 scientists 297–306 publications: 363 scientists 307–316 publications: 315 scientists 317–326 publications: 296 scientists 327–336 publications: 261 scientists 337–346 publications: 240 scientists 347–356 publications: 219 scientists 357–366 publications: 196 scientists 367–376 publications: 154 scientists 377–386 publications: 161 scientists 387–396 publications: 155 scientists 397–406 publications: 145 scientists 407–416 publications: 124 scientists 417–426 publications: 112 scientists 427–436 publications: 132 scientists 437–446 publications: 116 scientists 447–456 publications: 99 scientists 457–466 publications: 81 scientists 467–476 publications: 91 scientists 477–486 publications: 80 scientists 487–496 publications: 80 scientists 497–506 publications: 59 scientists 507–516 publications: 36 scientists 517–526 publications: 46 scientists 527–536 publications: 54 scientists 537–546 publications: 44 scientists 547–556 publications: 43 scientists 557–566 publications: 43 scientists 567–576 publications: 42 scientists 577–586 publications: 25 scientists 587–596 publications: 34 scientists 597–606 publications: 23 scientists 607–616 publications: 33 scientists 617–626 publications: 31 scientists 627–636 publications: 27 scientists 637–646 publications: 25 scientists 647–656 publications: 28 scientists 657–666 publications: 34 scientists 667–676 publications: 18 scientists 677–686 publications: 16 scientists 687–696 publications: 10 scientists 697–706 publications: 12 scientists 707–716 publications: 21 scientists 717–726 publications: 12 scientists 727–736 publications: 12 scientists 737–746 publications: 10 scientists 747–756 publications: 7 scientists 757–766 publications: 13 scientists 767–776 publications: 15 scientists 777–786 publications: 13 scientists 787–796 publications: 9 scientists 797–806 publications: 9 scientists 807–816 publications: 7 scientists 817–826 publications: 4 scientists 827–836 publications: 9 scientists 837–846 publications: 7 scientists 847–856 publications: 3 scientists 857–866 publications: 5 scientists 867–876 publications: 5 scientists 877–886 publications: 11 scientists 887–896 publications: 3 scientists 897–906 publications: 4 scientists 907–916 publications: 7 scientists 917–926 publications: 5 scientists 927–936 publications: 6 scientists 937–946 publications: 6 scientists 947–956 publications: 3 scientists 957–966 publications: 7 scientists 967–976 publications: 2 scientists 977–986 publications: 2 scientists 987–996 publications: 1 scientists 997–1,006 publications: 5 scientists 1,007–1,016 publications: 2 scientists 1,017–1,026 publications: 2 scientists 1,027 publications: 1 scientists 1,028+ publications: 100 scientists
47 publications 1,028+

This scientist: 355 publications — 86th percentile

86% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 1,028 publications or more.

Frances H. Arnold D-index placement in Biology and Biochemistry in 2026

The chart shows the D-index (discipline H-index) distribution of Biology and Biochemistry scientists ranked by Research.com in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where Frances H. Arnold sits on this spectrum.

40–41 D-Index: 80 scientists 42–43 D-Index: 183 scientists 44–45 D-Index: 316 scientists 46–47 D-Index: 504 scientists 48–49 D-Index: 718 scientists 50–51 D-Index: 899 scientists 52–53 D-Index: 1,025 scientists 54–55 D-Index: 1,149 scientists 56–57 D-Index: 1,235 scientists 58–59 D-Index: 1,253 scientists 60–61 D-Index: 1,162 scientists 62–63 D-Index: 1,130 scientists 64–65 D-Index: 1,031 scientists 66–67 D-Index: 897 scientists 68–69 D-Index: 814 scientists 70–71 D-Index: 714 scientists 72–73 D-Index: 709 scientists 74–75 D-Index: 596 scientists 76–77 D-Index: 512 scientists 78–79 D-Index: 473 scientists 80–81 D-Index: 412 scientists 82–83 D-Index: 373 scientists 84–85 D-Index: 358 scientists 86–87 D-Index: 285 scientists 88–89 D-Index: 273 scientists 90–91 D-Index: 227 scientists 92–93 D-Index: 208 scientists 94–95 D-Index: 193 scientists 96–97 D-Index: 153 scientists 98–99 D-Index: 157 scientists 100–101 D-Index: 148 scientists 102–103 D-Index: 120 scientists 104–105 D-Index: 113 scientists 106–107 D-Index: 100 scientists 108–109 D-Index: 86 scientists 110–111 D-Index: 67 scientists 112–113 D-Index: 71 scientists 114–115 D-Index: 73 scientists 116–117 D-Index: 64 scientists 118–119 D-Index: 53 scientists 120–121 D-Index: 60 scientists 122–123 D-Index: 54 scientists 124–125 D-Index: 43 scientists 126–127 D-Index: 38 scientists 128–129 D-Index: 49 scientists 130–131 D-Index: 26 scientists 132–133 D-Index: 18 scientists 134–135 D-Index: 23 scientists 136–137 D-Index: 32 scientists 138–139 D-Index: 32 scientists 140–141 D-Index: 27 scientists 142–143 D-Index: 19 scientists 144–145 D-Index: 22 scientists 146–147 D-Index: 12 scientists 148–149 D-Index: 16 scientists 150–151 D-Index: 14 scientists 152–153 D-Index: 10 scientists 154–155 D-Index: 13 scientists 156–157 D-Index: 10 scientists 158–159 D-Index: 7 scientists 160–161 D-Index: 9 scientists 162–163 D-Index: 13 scientists 164–165 D-Index: 4 scientists 166 D-Index: 4 scientists 167+ D-Index: 98 scientists
40 D-Index 167+

This scientist: 145 D-Index — 99th percentile

99% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 167 D-Index or more.

Research.com Recognitions

  • 2025 - Research.com Best Female Scientists Award
  • 2020 - Fellow of the Royal Society, United Kingdom
  • 2018 - Nobel Prize for the directed evolution of enzymes
  • 2014 - Fellow, National Academy of Inventors
  • 2011 - Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
  • 2009 - Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • 2008 - Member of the National Academy of Sciences
  • 2001 - Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE)
  • 2000 - Member of the National Academy of Engineering For integration of fundamentals in molecular biology, genetics, and bioengineering to the benefit of life science and industry.

Overview

What is she best known for?

The fields of study she is best known for:

  • Enzyme
  • Gene
  • DNA

Frances H. Arnold mainly focuses on Directed evolution, Biochemistry, Genetics, Protein engineering and Computational biology. Her Directed evolution research is multidisciplinary, incorporating elements of Mutagenesis, Amino acid and Thermostability. Her work in Biochemistry addresses issues such as Bacillus subtilis, which are connected to fields such as Mutant.

As a part of the same scientific family, Frances H. Arnold mostly works in the field of Genetics, focusing on Protein structure and, on occasion, Sequence alignment, Mutagenesis, Protein folding and Peptide sequence. Her study in Computational biology is interdisciplinary in nature, drawing from both Fitness landscape, Selection and Function. She has researched Enzyme in several fields, including Combinatorial chemistry, Chemical synthesis and Biocatalysis.

Her most cited work include:

  • Dynamic pattern formation in a vesicle-generating microfluidic device. (1630 citations)
  • A Microfabricated Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorter (989 citations)
  • A synthetic multicellular system for programmed pattern formation (935 citations)

What are the main themes of her work throughout her whole career to date?

Her primary scientific interests are in Directed evolution, Biochemistry, Enzyme, Stereochemistry and Protein engineering. Her Directed evolution study is related to the wider topic of Genetics. Her specific area of interest is Enzyme, where she studies Cofactor.

Her work carried out in the field of Stereochemistry brings together such families of science as Enantioselective synthesis, Cyclopropanation, Substrate, Cytochrome P450 and Carbene. The study incorporates disciplines such as Heme and Hydroxylation in addition to Cytochrome P450. In her research, Combinatorial chemistry is intimately related to Catalysis, which falls under the overarching field of Biocatalysis.

She most often published in these fields:

  • Directed evolution (33.73%)
  • Biochemistry (26.08%)
  • Enzyme (20.59%)

What were the highlights of her more recent work (between 2013-2021)?

  • Directed evolution (33.73%)
  • Stereochemistry (20.20%)
  • Catalysis (10.00%)

In recent papers she was focusing on the following fields of study:

Frances H. Arnold mainly focuses on Directed evolution, Stereochemistry, Catalysis, Enzyme and Biocatalysis. Her Directed evolution research incorporates elements of Amination, Nanotechnology, Biochemical engineering, Protein engineering and Computational biology. Frances H. Arnold combines subjects such as Genetics and Recombination with her study of Computational biology.

Her studies in Stereochemistry integrate themes in fields like Cyclopropanation, Tryptophan synthase, Cytochrome P450 and Carbene. Enzyme is a subfield of Biochemistry that Frances H. Arnold tackles. Her Biocatalysis research is multidisciplinary, relying on both Molecule, Enzyme catalysis, Enantiomer and Substrate.

Between 2013 and 2021, her most popular works were:

  • Directed Evolution: Bringing New Chemistry to Life. (317 citations)
  • Directed evolution of cytochrome c for carbon–silicon bond formation: Bringing silicon to life (267 citations)
  • Expanding the Enzyme Universe: Accessing Non‐Natural Reactions by Mechanism‐Guided Directed Evolution (266 citations)

In her most recent research, the most cited papers focused on:

  • Enzyme
  • Gene
  • DNA

Her main research concerns Directed evolution, Biocatalysis, Catalysis, Protein engineering and Stereochemistry. In her works, Frances H. Arnold conducts interdisciplinary research on Directed evolution and Pyrococcus furiosus. Her Catalysis research is multidisciplinary, incorporating perspectives in Combinatorial chemistry and Molecule.

Protein engineering is a subfield of Enzyme that Frances H. Arnold explores. Enzyme is a subfield of Biochemistry that Frances H. Arnold investigates. Her research in Stereochemistry intersects with topics in Regioselectivity, Tryptophan, Cyclopropanation, Active site and Hemeprotein.

Best Publications

  • Dynamic pattern formation in a vesicle-generating microfluidic device.

    Todd Thorsen;Richard W. Roberts;Frances H. Arnold;Stephen R. Quake

  • A microfabricated fluorescence-activated cell sorter

    Anne Y. Fu;Charles Spence;Axel Scherer;Frances H. Arnold

  • A synthetic multicellular system for programmed pattern formation

    Subhayu Basu;Yoram Gerchman;Cynthia H. Collins;Frances H. Arnold

  • Protein stability promotes evolvability.

    Jesse D. Bloom;Sy T. Labthavikul;Christopher R. Otey;Frances H. Arnold

  • Molecular evolution by staggered extension process (StEP) in vitro recombination

    Huimin Zhao;Lori Giver;Zhixin Shao;Joseph A. Affholter

  • Exploring protein fitness landscapes by directed evolution

    Philip A. Romero;Frances H. Arnold

  • Engineering microbial consortia: a new frontier in synthetic biology.

    Katie Brenner;Lingchong You;Frances H. Arnold

  • Directed Evolution: Bringing New Chemistry to Life.

    Frances H. Arnold

  • Design by Directed Evolution

    Frances H. Arnold

  • Why highly expressed proteins evolve slowly

    D. Allan Drummond;Jesse D. Bloom;Christoph Adami;Christoph Adami;Claus O. Wilke;Claus O. Wilke

  • Programmed population control by cell-cell communication and regulated killing.

    Lingchong You;Robert Sidney Cox;Ron Weiss;Frances H. Arnold

  • Machine-learning-guided directed evolution for protein engineering.

    Kevin K. Yang;Zachary Wu;Frances H. Arnold

  • An Integrated Microfabricated Cell Sorter

    Anne Y. Fu;Hou-Pu Chou;Charles Spence;Frances H. Arnold

  • Long-Term Monitoring of Bacteria Undergoing Programmed Population Control in a Microchemostat

    Frederick K. Balagaddé;Lingchong You;Carl L. Hansen;Frances H. Arnold

  • Tuning the activity of an enzyme for unusual environments: sequential random mutagenesis of subtilisin E for catalysis in dimethylformamide

    Keqin Chen;Frances H. Arnold

  • Directed evolution of a thermostable esterase

    Lori Giver;Anne Gershenson;Per-Ola Freskgard;Frances H. Arnold

  • Metal-affinity separations: a new dimension in protein processing.

    Frances H. Arnold

  • Directed evolution of a para-nitrobenzyl esterase for aqueous-organic solvents.

    Jeffrey C. Moore;Frances H. Arnold

  • Combinatorial and computational challenges for biocatalyst design

    Frances H. Arnold

  • Engineering new catalytic activities in enzymes

    Kai Chen;Frances H. Arnold

Frequent Co-Authors

Jesse D. Bloom
Jesse D. Bloom Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Huimin Zhao
Huimin Zhao University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Viviana Gradinaru
Viviana Gradinaru California Institute of Technology
Rudi Fasan
Rudi Fasan University of Rochester
Stephen L. Mayo
Stephen L. Mayo California Institute of Technology
Claus O. Wilke
Claus O. Wilke The University of Texas at Austin
Harry B. Gray
Harry B. Gray California Institute of Technology
Stephen R. Quake
Stephen R. Quake Stanford University
Ulrich Schwaneberg
Ulrich Schwaneberg RWTH Aachen University
Zhen-Gang Wang
Zhen-Gang Wang California Institute of Technology

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