World's Best Scientists 2026 revealed!
VIEW LIST
Alexander M. Menzies

Alexander M. Menzies

University of Sydney
Australia

D-Index & Metrics

Medicine

D-Index
88
Citations
34047
World Ranking
13014
National Ranking
425

Alexander M. Menzies publication distribution in Medicine in 2026

The chart shows the distribution of publications by all Research.com ranked scientists in the field of Medicine in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where Alexander M. Menzies sits on this spectrum.

101–120 publications: 5 scientists 121–140 publications: 26 scientists 141–160 publications: 73 scientists 161–180 publications: 155 scientists 181–200 publications: 230 scientists 201–220 publications: 363 scientists 221–240 publications: 487 scientists 241–260 publications: 545 scientists 261–280 publications: 722 scientists 281–300 publications: 768 scientists 301–320 publications: 834 scientists 321–340 publications: 895 scientists 341–360 publications: 922 scientists 361–380 publications: 838 scientists 381–400 publications: 861 scientists 401–420 publications: 918 scientists 421–440 publications: 806 scientists 441–460 publications: 771 scientists 461–480 publications: 751 scientists 481–500 publications: 713 scientists 501–520 publications: 617 scientists 521–540 publications: 610 scientists 541–560 publications: 537 scientists 561–580 publications: 504 scientists 581–600 publications: 509 scientists 601–620 publications: 396 scientists 621–640 publications: 386 scientists 641–660 publications: 371 scientists 661–680 publications: 340 scientists 681–700 publications: 336 scientists 701–720 publications: 307 scientists 721–740 publications: 259 scientists 741–760 publications: 230 scientists 761–780 publications: 228 scientists 781–800 publications: 217 scientists 801–820 publications: 204 scientists 821–840 publications: 186 scientists 841–860 publications: 177 scientists 861–880 publications: 155 scientists 881–900 publications: 139 scientists 901–920 publications: 145 scientists 921–940 publications: 116 scientists 941–960 publications: 133 scientists 961–980 publications: 91 scientists 981–1,000 publications: 96 scientists 1,001–1,020 publications: 77 scientists 1,021–1,040 publications: 70 scientists 1,041–1,060 publications: 63 scientists 1,061–1,080 publications: 77 scientists 1,081–1,100 publications: 49 scientists 1,101–1,120 publications: 54 scientists 1,121–1,140 publications: 49 scientists 1,141–1,160 publications: 51 scientists 1,161–1,180 publications: 35 scientists 1,181–1,200 publications: 39 scientists 1,201–1,220 publications: 26 scientists 1,221–1,240 publications: 37 scientists 1,241–1,260 publications: 36 scientists 1,261–1,280 publications: 27 scientists 1,281–1,300 publications: 32 scientists 1,301–1,320 publications: 28 scientists 1,321–1,340 publications: 17 scientists 1,341–1,360 publications: 30 scientists 1,361–1,380 publications: 28 scientists 1,381–1,400 publications: 17 scientists 1,401–1,420 publications: 21 scientists 1,421–1,440 publications: 15 scientists 1,441–1,460 publications: 12 scientists 1,461–1,480 publications: 12 scientists 1,481–1,500 publications: 18 scientists 1,501–1,520 publications: 14 scientists 1,521–1,540 publications: 17 scientists 1,541–1,560 publications: 15 scientists 1,561–1,580 publications: 6 scientists 1,581–1,600 publications: 2 scientists 1,601–1,620 publications: 12 scientists 1,621–1,640 publications: 11 scientists 1,641–1,660 publications: 8 scientists 1,661–1,680 publications: 5 scientists 1,681–1,700 publications: 5 scientists 1,701–1,720 publications: 10 scientists 1,721–1,740 publications: 12 scientists 1,741–1,760 publications: 14 scientists 1,761–1,780 publications: 6 scientists 1,781–1,795 publications: 5 scientists 1,796+ publications: 100 scientists
101 publications 1,796+

This scientist: 469 publications — 52nd percentile

52% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 1,796 publications or more.

Alexander M. Menzies D-index placement in Medicine in 2026

The chart shows the D-index (discipline H-index) distribution of Medicine scientists ranked by Research.com in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where Alexander M. Menzies sits on this spectrum.

70–71 D-Index: 226 scientists 72–73 D-Index: 391 scientists 74–75 D-Index: 574 scientists 76–77 D-Index: 730 scientists 78–79 D-Index: 891 scientists 80–81 D-Index: 972 scientists 82–83 D-Index: 1,027 scientists 84–85 D-Index: 1,003 scientists 86–87 D-Index: 960 scientists 88–89 D-Index: 970 scientists 90–91 D-Index: 922 scientists 92–93 D-Index: 839 scientists 94–95 D-Index: 808 scientists 96–97 D-Index: 779 scientists 98–99 D-Index: 668 scientists 100–101 D-Index: 611 scientists 102–103 D-Index: 630 scientists 104–105 D-Index: 513 scientists 106–107 D-Index: 541 scientists 108–109 D-Index: 445 scientists 110–111 D-Index: 429 scientists 112–113 D-Index: 399 scientists 114–115 D-Index: 393 scientists 116–117 D-Index: 318 scientists 118–119 D-Index: 302 scientists 120–121 D-Index: 287 scientists 122–123 D-Index: 255 scientists 124–125 D-Index: 256 scientists 126–127 D-Index: 252 scientists 128–129 D-Index: 230 scientists 130–131 D-Index: 179 scientists 132–133 D-Index: 168 scientists 134–135 D-Index: 163 scientists 136–137 D-Index: 159 scientists 138–139 D-Index: 134 scientists 140–141 D-Index: 134 scientists 142–143 D-Index: 118 scientists 144–145 D-Index: 109 scientists 146–147 D-Index: 106 scientists 148–149 D-Index: 74 scientists 150–151 D-Index: 79 scientists 152–153 D-Index: 80 scientists 154–155 D-Index: 87 scientists 156–157 D-Index: 57 scientists 158–159 D-Index: 74 scientists 160–161 D-Index: 69 scientists 162–163 D-Index: 60 scientists 164–165 D-Index: 53 scientists 166–167 D-Index: 39 scientists 168–169 D-Index: 42 scientists 170–171 D-Index: 32 scientists 172–173 D-Index: 39 scientists 174–175 D-Index: 40 scientists 176–177 D-Index: 28 scientists 178–179 D-Index: 19 scientists 180–181 D-Index: 23 scientists 182–183 D-Index: 31 scientists 184–185 D-Index: 18 scientists 186–187 D-Index: 20 scientists 188–189 D-Index: 22 scientists 190–191 D-Index: 13 scientists 192–193 D-Index: 21 scientists 194–195 D-Index: 12 scientists 196–197 D-Index: 12 scientists 198–199 D-Index: 14 scientists 200–201 D-Index: 15 scientists 202–203 D-Index: 13 scientists 204–205 D-Index: 10 scientists 206–207 D-Index: 8 scientists 208–209 D-Index: 4 scientists 210–211 D-Index: 12 scientists 212–213 D-Index: 11 scientists 214–215 D-Index: 10 scientists 216 D-Index: 4 scientists 217+ D-Index: 98 scientists
70 D-Index 217+

This scientist: 88 D-Index — 36th percentile

36% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 217 D-Index or more.

Overview

Alexander M. Menzies is affiliated with the University of Sydney in Australia. Their research primarily focuses on medicine with a strong emphasis on oncology, evidenced by 467 publications in this subfield.

Their work extends to related areas such as molecular biology, immunology, pulmonary and respiratory medicine, and epidemiology. The subfield publication counts are 122 for molecular biology, 97 for immunology, 30 for pulmonary and respiratory medicine, and 19 for epidemiology.

Menzies has contributed extensively to topics including cancer immunotherapy and biomarkers, with 384 publications. Other significant topics in their research portfolio include CAR-T cell therapy research (226 publications), cutaneous melanoma detection and management (212 publications), melanoma and MAPK pathways (184 publications), immunotherapy and immune responses (156 publications), brain metastases and treatment (40 publications), and cancer genomics and diagnostics (34 publications).

Frequent coauthors collaborating with Menzies include:

  • Georgina V. Long (250 joint publications)
  • Matteo S. Carlino (129 joint publications)
  • Richard A. Scolyer (128 joint publications)
  • Serigne Lo (92 joint publications)
  • Robyn P.M. Saw (76 joint publications)

Scholarly output by Menzies appears prominently in several leading journals. The most frequent publication venues are:

  • Journal of Clinical Oncology (62 publications)
  • Annals of Oncology (35 publications)
  • European Journal of Cancer (32 publications)
  • Cancer Research (18 publications)
  • Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (16 publications)

Recent representative publications by Menzies and collaborators include:

  • Pathological response and survival with neoadjuvant therapy in melanoma: a pooled analysis from the International Neoadjuvant Melanoma Consortium (INMC), 2021, Nature Medicine
  • Cutaneous melanoma, 2023, The Lancet
  • Survival and biomarker analyses from the OpACIN-neo and OpACIN neoadjuvant immunotherapy trials in stage III melanoma, 2021, Nature Medicine
  • Personalized response-directed surgery and adjuvant therapy after neoadjuvant ipilimumab and nivolumab in high-risk stage III melanoma: the PRADO trial, 2022, Nature Medicine
  • Transcriptional downregulation of MHC class I and melanoma de-differentiation in resistance to PD-1 inhibition, 2020, Nature Communications

Best Publications

  • Fatal Toxic Effects Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

    Daniel Y. Wang;Joe Elie Salem;Joe Elie Salem;Justine V. Cohen;Sunandana Chandra

  • Prognostic and Clinicopathologic Associations of Oncogenic BRAF in Metastatic Melanoma

    Georgina V. Long;Alexander M. Menzies;Adnan M. Nagrial;Lauren E. Haydu

  • Pneumonitis in Patients Treated With Anti–Programmed Death-1/Programmed Death Ligand 1 Therapy

    Jarushka Naidoo;Xuan Wang;Xuan Wang;Xuan Wang;Kaitlin M. Woo;Kaitlin M. Woo;Tunc Iyriboz;Tunc Iyriboz

  • Combination nivolumab and ipilimumab or nivolumab alone in melanoma brain metastases: a multicentre randomised phase 2 study

    Georgina V Long;Victoria Atkinson;Serigne Lo;Shahneen Sandhu

  • Anti-PD-1 therapy in patients with advanced melanoma and preexisting autoimmune disorders or major toxicity with ipilimumab

    Alexander M. Menzies;Alexander M. Menzies;D. B. Johnson;S. Ramanujam;V. G. Atkinson

  • Distinct Immune Cell Populations Define Response to Anti-PD-1 Monotherapy and Anti-PD-1/Anti-CTLA-4 Combined Therapy

    Tuba N. Gide;Camelia Quek;Alexander M. Menzies;Annie T. Tasker

  • Ipilimumab Therapy in Patients With Advanced Melanoma and Preexisting Autoimmune Disorders

    Douglas B. Johnson;Ryan J. Sullivan;Patrick A. Ott;Matteo S. Carlino

  • Association of body-mass index and outcomes in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or chemotherapy: a retrospective, multicohort analysis

    Jennifer L. McQuade;Carrie R. Daniel;Kenneth R. Hess;Carmen Mak

  • BRAF inhibitor resistance mechanisms in metastatic melanoma; spectrum and clinical impact.

    Helen Rizos;Alexander M. Menzies;Gulietta M. Pupo;Matteo S. Carlino

  • Distinguishing Clinicopathologic Features of Patients with V600E and V600K BRAF-Mutant Metastatic Melanoma

    Alexander M. Menzies;Lauren E. Haydu;Lydia Visintin;Lydia Visintin;Lydia Visintin;Matteo S. Carlino;Matteo S. Carlino

  • PD-L1 expression in melanoma shows marked heterogeneity within and between patients: implications for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 clinical trials.

    Jason Madore;Ricardo E. Vilain;Ricardo E. Vilain;Alexander M. Menzies;Hojabr Kakavand

  • Identification of the optimal combination dosing schedule of neoadjuvant ipilimumab plus nivolumab in macroscopic stage III melanoma (OpACIN-neo): a multicentre, phase 2, randomised, controlled trial.

    Elisa A Rozeman;Alexander M Menzies;Alexander C J van Akkooi;Chandra Adhikari

  • CD103+ Tumor-Resident CD8+ T Cells Are Associated with Improved Survival in Immunotherapy-Naïve Melanoma Patients and Expand Significantly During Anti–PD-1 Treatment

    Jarem Edwards;James S. Wilmott;Jason Madore;Tuba Nur Gide

  • Evaluation of Two Dosing Regimens for Nivolumab in Combination With Ipilimumab in Patients With Advanced Melanoma: Results From the Phase IIIb/IV CheckMate 511 Trial

    Celeste Lebbé;Nicolas Meyer;Laurent Mortier;Ivan Marquez-Rodas

  • sFRP2 in the aged microenvironment drives melanoma metastasis and therapy resistance

    Amanpreet Kaur;Amanpreet Kaur;Marie R. Webster;Katie Marchbank;Reeti Behera

  • Increased MAPK reactivation in early resistance to dabrafenib/trametinib combination therapy of BRAF-mutant metastatic melanoma

    Georgina V. Long;Carina Fung;Alexander M. Menzies;Gulietta M. Pupo

  • Safety of resuming anti-PD-1 in patients with immune-related adverse events (irAEs) during combined anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD1 in metastatic melanoma.

    M.H. Pollack;M.H. Pollack;A. Betof;H. Dearden;K. Rapazzo;K. Rapazzo

  • Acquired BRAF inhibitor resistance: A multicenter meta-analysis of the spectrum and frequencies, clinical behaviour, and phenotypic associations of resistance mechanisms.

    Douglas B. Johnson;Alexander M. Menzies;Lisa Zimmer;Zeynep Eroglu

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors in challenging populations

    Douglas B. Johnson;Ryan J. Sullivan;Alexander M. Menzies

  • Pathological response and survival with neoadjuvant therapy in melanoma: a pooled analysis from the International Neoadjuvant Melanoma Consortium (INMC).

    Alexander M. Menzies;Alexander M. Menzies;Rodabe N. Amaria;Elisa A. Rozeman;Alexander C. Huang

Frequent Co-Authors

Georgina V. Long
Georgina V. Long University of Sydney
Richard A. Scolyer
Richard A. Scolyer Royal Prince Alfred Hospital
Matteo S. Carlino
Matteo S. Carlino University of Sydney
Richard F. Kefford
Richard F. Kefford Macquarie University
John F. Thompson
John F. Thompson University of Sydney
Douglas B. Johnson
Douglas B. Johnson Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Helen Rizos
Helen Rizos Macquarie University
James S. Wilmott
James S. Wilmott University of Sydney
Christian U. Blank
Christian U. Blank Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital
Paolo A. Ascierto
Paolo A. Ascierto National Institutes of Health

External Links

Personal website of Alexander M. Menzies

If you think any of the details on this page are incorrect, let us know.

Report an issue

We appreciate your kind effort to assist us to improve this page, it would be helpful providing us with as much detail as possible in the text box below:

Related Online Degrees & Career Pathways

Exploring a medical career in the USA doesn’t always mean traditional medical school. There are diverse online nursing and healthcare degrees that can offer flexible, affordable, and rewarding career pathways.

For those aiming to advance in nursing, phd nursing programs online offer new avenues for leadership, research, and education. If you are a registered nurse seeking to boost your qualifications, choosing from the cheapest online rn to bsn programs can help you progress your career without heavy student debt.

Not from a nursing background? Consider online direct entry msn programs for non-nursing majors. These programs let non-nurses transition to advanced nursing roles in less time through flexible online learning.

If gaining admission is your concern, exploring the easiest nursing schools to get into can help identify more accessible entry points for a fulfilling career in healthcare.

Best Scientists Citing Alexander M. Menzies

Georgina V. Long

Georgina V. Long

University of Sydney

Publications: 148

Richard A. Scolyer

Richard A. Scolyer

Royal Prince Alfred Hospital

Publications: 138

Dirk Schadendorf

Dirk Schadendorf

University of Duisburg-Essen

Publications: 103

Paolo A. Ascierto

Paolo A. Ascierto

National Institutes of Health

Publications: 99

Keith T. Flaherty

Keith T. Flaherty

Harvard University

Publications: 93

Grant A. McArthur

Grant A. McArthur

Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre

Publications: 89

Douglas B. Johnson

Douglas B. Johnson

Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Publications: 87

Reinhard Dummer

Reinhard Dummer

University of Zurich

Publications: 81

Caroline Robert

Caroline Robert

University of Paris-Saclay

Publications: 81

Ryan J. Sullivan

Ryan J. Sullivan

Harvard University

Publications: 69

James Larkin

James Larkin

Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust

Publications: 69

John F. Thompson

John F. Thompson

University of Sydney

Publications: 65

Céleste Lebbé

Céleste Lebbé

Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Ouest

Publications: 64

Antoni Ribas

Antoni Ribas

University of California, Los Angeles

Publications: 62

Michael A. Davies

Michael A. Davies

The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

Publications: 60

Michael A. Postow

Michael A. Postow

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

Publications: 59

Trending Scientists

Hans-Rudolf Wenk

Hans-Rudolf Wenk

University of California, Berkeley

Yuri Suzuki

Yuri Suzuki

Stanford University

Huiling Tai

Huiling Tai

University of Electronic Science and Technology of China

Simon E. Moulton

Simon E. Moulton

Swinburne University of Technology

Gerard L. Velthof

Gerard L. Velthof

Wageningen University & Research

Wolfgang Freude

Wolfgang Freude

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

Jeff Errington

Jeff Errington

University of Sydney

Mathias Jucker

Mathias Jucker

University of Tübingen

Page Kyle

Page Kyle

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Philippe Thunis

Philippe Thunis

European Commission Joint Research Centre

Gwyn T. Williams

Gwyn T. Williams

Keele University

Don Kimber

Don Kimber

FX Palo Alto Laboratory

Ann Van Loey

Ann Van Loey

KU Leuven

Yuji Naito

Yuji Naito

Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine

Bruno Pannier

Bruno Pannier

Grenoble Alpes University

Spencer C. H. Barrett

Spencer C. H. Barrett

University of Toronto

Related Medicine Rankings & Guides

2026 Most Affordable Online LPN to RN Degree Programs

2026 Most Affordable Online LPN to RN Degree Programs
2026 Best Nursing Schools in Minnesota – Accredited ADN, BSN, MSN Programs

2026 Best Nursing Schools in Minnesota – Accredited ADN, BSN, MSN Programs
2026 Most Affordable Online Medical Billing and Coding Courses

2026 Most Affordable Online Medical Billing and Coding Courses
2026 Best Self-Paced Online RN-to-BSN Degree Programs

2026 Best Self-Paced Online RN-to-BSN Degree Programs
2026 Most Affordable Online LVN Programs

2026 Most Affordable Online LVN Programs
2026 Fastest Online MSN in Health/Nursing Informatics Programs

2026 Fastest Online MSN in Health/Nursing Informatics Programs
August 2026 Best Online Doctorate in Healthcare Management Programs

August 2026 Best Online Doctorate in Healthcare Management Programs
2026 Best Nurse Practitioner Programs in Maryland – Accredited Schools Online & Campus

2026 Best Nurse Practitioner Programs in Maryland – Accredited Schools Online & Campus
2026 Best Online Nursing Programs in Florida – Accredited RN to BSN Programs

2026 Best Online Nursing Programs in Florida – Accredited RN to BSN Programs
2026 Most Affordable Master’s Degrees in Healthcare Administration

2026 Most Affordable Master’s Degrees in Healthcare Administration
2026 Most Affordable Online Accelerated BSN Programs for Non-Nurses

2026 Most Affordable Online Accelerated BSN Programs for Non-Nurses
August 2026 Best Nursing Certifications to Consider

August 2026 Best Nursing Certifications to Consider
2026 Best Pharmacy Schools & Pharmacist Programs Requirements in Florida: Online & Campus

2026 Best Pharmacy Schools & Pharmacist Programs Requirements in Florida: Online & Campus
2026 Best Nursing Schools in Virginia – Accredited ADN, BSN, MSN Programs

2026 Best Nursing Schools in Virginia – Accredited ADN, BSN, MSN Programs
2026 Best Online Pharmacy Technician Associate Programs

2026 Best Online Pharmacy Technician Associate Programs
2026 Best Online Surgical Tech Certificate Programs

2026 Best Online Surgical Tech Certificate Programs
2026 Fastest Online MSN in Nurse Midwifery Programs

2026 Fastest Online MSN in Nurse Midwifery Programs
2026 Fastest Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Degree Programs

2026 Fastest Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Degree Programs
2026 Best Online Medical Assistant Associate Degree Programs

2026 Best Online Medical Assistant Associate Degree Programs
2026 Best Online Nurse Practitioner Degree Programs

2026 Best Online Nurse Practitioner Degree Programs
2026 Most Affordable Online Master's Degrees in Nutrition

2026 Most Affordable Online Master's Degrees in Nutrition

Recently Published Articles

2026 Online Animal Science Bachelor's Degree Programs With No Application Fee

2026 Online Animal Science Bachelor's Degree Programs With No Application Fee
2026 Online Criminal Justice Degrees With the Most Flexible Credit Transfer Rules

2026 Online Criminal Justice Degrees With the Most Flexible Credit Transfer Rules
2026 Is a Degree in Construction Management Worth It? Benefits & Salary

2026 Is a Degree in Construction Management Worth It? Benefits & Salary
2026 Online Supply Chain Management Degree Programs Costs: Tuition & Fees

2026 Online Supply Chain Management Degree Programs Costs: Tuition & Fees
2027 Best Online Bachelor's in Sustainability Degree Programs Ranking in the Midwest

2027 Best Online Bachelor's in Sustainability Degree Programs Ranking in the Midwest
2026 How to Become an FBI Profiler: Education, Salary, and Job Outlook

2026 How to Become an FBI Profiler: Education, Salary, and Job Outlook
2026 Online Public Administration Degree Programs With No Application Fee and Rolling Admissions

2026 Online Public Administration Degree Programs With No Application Fee and Rolling Admissions
2026 Easiest Bachelor’s Degree Programs

2026 Easiest Bachelor’s Degree Programs
2026 Different Types of Clinical Mental Health Counseling Master's Degrees: Specializations, Careers, and Salaries

2026 Different Types of Clinical Mental Health Counseling Master's Degrees: Specializations, Careers, and Salaries
2026 Best Online Master’s in Mental Health Counseling Degree Programs

2026 Best Online Master’s in Mental Health Counseling Degree Programs
2026 Is a Doctorate in Social Work Worth It?

2026 Is a Doctorate in Social Work Worth It?
2026 Military-Friendly Online Family Nurse Practitioner Master's Degree Programs: Benefits, Accreditation & Career Outcomes

2026 Military-Friendly Online Family Nurse Practitioner Master's Degree Programs: Benefits, Accreditation & Career Outcomes
2026 Easiest Library Science Degree Programs

2026 Easiest Library Science Degree Programs
2026 Can You Get Into a Nonprofit Management Program with a Low GPA? Admission Chances & Workarounds

2026 Can You Get Into a Nonprofit Management Program with a Low GPA? Admission Chances & Workarounds
2026 How to Become a Banker: Step-By-Step Guide

2026 How to Become a Banker: Step-By-Step Guide
2026 Is a Marriage & Family Counseling Online Degree Worth It?

2026 Is a Marriage & Family Counseling Online Degree Worth It?
2026 How Fast Can You Get a Social Work Degree Online?

2026 How Fast Can You Get a Social Work Degree Online?
2026 Best Nurse Practitioner Programs in Texas – Accredited Schools Online & Campus

2026 Best Nurse Practitioner Programs in Texas – Accredited Schools Online & Campus
2026 Online Software Development Degree Programs Costs: Tuition & Fees

2026 Online Software Development Degree Programs Costs: Tuition & Fees
2026 Most Affordable Online MBA – No GMAT Required

2026 Most Affordable Online MBA – No GMAT Required
2026 Easiest and Hardest Science Majors

2026 Easiest and Hardest Science Majors