World's Best Scientists 2026 revealed!

D-Index & Metrics

Discipline name D-Index World Ranking Current World Ranking National Ranking Current National Ranking Publications Citations
Immunology 102 654 603 381 345 449 77402
Medicine 103 7153 6716 3758 3477 465 78186

Stephen A. Spector publications per year

The chart shows the history of publications by Stephen A. Spector between 1962 and 2025, highlighting the no. of papers published in each year and offering an overview of the publication velocity of this scholar. Stephen A. Spector published across 64 years, from 1962 to 2025, averaging 7.7 papers a year. Output peaked at 23 publications in 1995. 12 of the 492 publications appeared in the last two years.

No. of publications
5 10 15 20
Bar chart. Horizontal axis: year, 1962 to 2025. Vertical axis: number of publications, 0 to 23. Peak 23 publications in 1995. 1962: 1 publication 1963: 0 publications 1964: 0 publications 1965: 0 publications 1966: 0 publications 1967: 0 publications 1968: 1 publication 1969: 0 publications 1970: 0 publications 1971: 0 publications 1972: 1 publication 1973: 0 publications 1974: 0 publications 1975: 0 publications 1976: 2 publications 1977: 0 publications 1978: 1 publication 1979: 3 publications 1980: 3 publications 1981: 8 publications 1982: 8 publications 1983: 3 publications 1984: 8 publications 1985: 9 publications 1986: 6 publications 1987: 8 publications 1988: 9 publications 1989: 9 publications 1990: 10 publications 1991: 14 publications 1992: 10 publications 1993: 10 publications 1994: 16 publications 1995: 23 publications 1996: 10 publications 1997: 19 publications 1998: 15 publications 1999: 13 publications 2000: 12 publications 2001: 8 publications 2002: 8 publications 2003: 7 publications 2004: 15 publications 2005: 9 publications 2006: 11 publications 2007: 12 publications 2008: 16 publications 2009: 4 publications 2010: 9 publications 2011: 12 publications 2012: 13 publications 2013: 14 publications 2014: 9 publications 2015: 11 publications 2016: 12 publications 2017: 10 publications 2018: 12 publications 2019: 14 publications 2020: 13 publications 2021: 11 publications 2022: 11 publications 2023: 7 publications 2024: 8 publications 2025: 4 publications
1962 2025

492 publications in total across all disciplines

View publications per year as a table
Stephen A. Spector: publications per year, 1962 to 2025
Year Publications
1962 1
1963 0
1964 0
1965 0
1966 0
1967 0
1968 1
1969 0
1970 0
1971 0
1972 1
1973 0
1974 0
1975 0
1976 2
1977 0
1978 1
1979 3
1980 3
1981 8
1982 8
1983 3
1984 8
1985 9
1986 6
1987 8
1988 9
1989 9
1990 10
1991 14
1992 10
1993 10
1994 16
1995 23
1996 10
1997 19
1998 15
1999 13
2000 12
2001 8
2002 8
2003 7
2004 15
2005 9
2006 11
2007 12
2008 16
2009 4
2010 9
2011 12
2012 13
2013 14
2014 9
2015 11
2016 12
2017 10
2018 12
2019 14
2020 13
2021 11
2022 11
2023 7
2024 8
2025 4
Total 492
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Stephen A. Spector publication distribution in Immunology in 2026

The chart shows the distribution of publications by all Research.com ranked scientists in the field of Immunology in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where Stephen A. Spector sits on this spectrum.

No. of scientists
50 100 150
Bar chart with 76 bars. Horizontal axis: publications, 62–71 to 807+. Vertical axis: number of scientists, 0 to 189. Most scientists, 189, have 152–161 publications. The last bar groups every scientist with 807 publications or more. The highlighted bar, 442–451 publications, is where this scientist sits. 62–71 publications: 9 scientists 72–81 publications: 23 scientists 82–91 publications: 40 scientists 92–101 publications: 72 scientists 102–111 publications: 86 scientists 112–121 publications: 108 scientists 122–131 publications: 150 scientists 132–141 publications: 160 scientists 142–151 publications: 159 scientists 152–161 publications: 189 scientists 162–171 publications: 166 scientists 172–181 publications: 181 scientists 182–191 publications: 188 scientists 192–201 publications: 187 scientists 202–211 publications: 178 scientists 212–221 publications: 158 scientists 222–231 publications: 168 scientists 232–241 publications: 159 scientists 242–251 publications: 160 scientists 252–261 publications: 148 scientists 262–271 publications: 116 scientists 272–281 publications: 125 scientists 282–291 publications: 115 scientists 292–301 publications: 111 scientists 302–311 publications: 95 scientists 312–321 publications: 97 scientists 322–331 publications: 97 scientists 332–341 publications: 99 scientists 342–351 publications: 96 scientists 352–361 publications: 69 scientists 362–371 publications: 76 scientists 372–381 publications: 71 scientists 382–391 publications: 71 scientists 392–401 publications: 62 scientists 402–411 publications: 54 scientists 412–421 publications: 41 scientists 422–431 publications: 63 scientists 432–441 publications: 53 scientists 442–451 publications: 31 scientists 452–461 publications: 42 scientists 462–471 publications: 40 scientists 472–481 publications: 29 scientists 482–491 publications: 34 scientists 492–501 publications: 30 scientists 502–511 publications: 23 scientists 512–521 publications: 41 scientists 522–531 publications: 29 scientists 532–541 publications: 28 scientists 542–551 publications: 16 scientists 552–561 publications: 18 scientists 562–571 publications: 18 scientists 572–581 publications: 17 scientists 582–591 publications: 17 scientists 592–601 publications: 17 scientists 602–611 publications: 19 scientists 612–621 publications: 13 scientists 622–631 publications: 12 scientists 632–641 publications: 11 scientists 642–651 publications: 16 scientists 652–661 publications: 9 scientists 662–671 publications: 5 scientists 672–681 publications: 13 scientists 682–691 publications: 12 scientists 692–701 publications: 6 scientists 702–711 publications: 6 scientists 712–721 publications: 9 scientists 722–731 publications: 9 scientists 732–741 publications: 6 scientists 742–751 publications: 11 scientists 752–761 publications: 10 scientists 762–771 publications: 7 scientists 772–781 publications: 12 scientists 782–791 publications: 7 scientists 792–801 publications: 5 scientists 802–806 publications: 1 scientist 807+ publications: 100 scientists
62–71 publications 807+

This scientist: 449 publications — 86th percentile

86% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 807 publications or more.

View publications distribution as a table
Number of Immunology scientists by publication count, Research.com 2026 ranking edition. Based on 4,929 ranked scientists.
Publications Scientists This scientist
62–71 9
72–81 23
82–91 40
92–101 72
102–111 86
112–121 108
122–131 150
132–141 160
142–151 159
152–161 189
162–171 166
172–181 181
182–191 188
192–201 187
202–211 178
212–221 158
222–231 168
232–241 159
242–251 160
252–261 148
262–271 116
272–281 125
282–291 115
292–301 111
302–311 95
312–321 97
322–331 97
332–341 99
342–351 96
352–361 69
362–371 76
372–381 71
382–391 71
392–401 62
402–411 54
412–421 41
422–431 63
432–441 53
442–451 31 449
452–461 42
462–471 40
472–481 29
482–491 34
492–501 30
502–511 23
512–521 41
522–531 29
532–541 28
542–551 16
552–561 18
562–571 18
572–581 17
582–591 17
592–601 17
602–611 19
612–621 13
622–631 12
632–641 11
642–651 16
652–661 9
662–671 5
672–681 13
682–691 12
692–701 6
702–711 6
712–721 9
722–731 9
732–741 6
742–751 11
752–761 10
762–771 7
772–781 12
782–791 7
792–801 5
802–806 1
807+ 100
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Stephen A. Spector D-index placement in Immunology in 2026

The chart shows the D-index (discipline H-index) distribution of Immunology scientists ranked by Research.com in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where Stephen A. Spector sits on this spectrum.

No. of scientists
50 100 150 200
Bar chart with 60 bars. Horizontal axis: D-Index, 40–41 to 157+. Vertical axis: number of scientists, 0 to 201. Most scientists, 201, have 58–59 D-Index. The last bar groups every scientist with 157 D-Index or more. The highlighted bar, 102–103 D-Index, is where this scientist sits. 40–41 D-Index: 28 scientists 42–43 D-Index: 91 scientists 44–45 D-Index: 157 scientists 46–47 D-Index: 192 scientists 48–49 D-Index: 175 scientists 50–51 D-Index: 188 scientists 52–53 D-Index: 177 scientists 54–55 D-Index: 155 scientists 56–57 D-Index: 194 scientists 58–59 D-Index: 201 scientists 60–61 D-Index: 197 scientists 62–63 D-Index: 201 scientists 64–65 D-Index: 173 scientists 66–67 D-Index: 167 scientists 68–69 D-Index: 172 scientists 70–71 D-Index: 199 scientists 72–73 D-Index: 184 scientists 74–75 D-Index: 133 scientists 76–77 D-Index: 163 scientists 78–79 D-Index: 127 scientists 80–81 D-Index: 121 scientists 82–83 D-Index: 125 scientists 84–85 D-Index: 121 scientists 86–87 D-Index: 102 scientists 88–89 D-Index: 96 scientists 90–91 D-Index: 75 scientists 92–93 D-Index: 72 scientists 94–95 D-Index: 74 scientists 96–97 D-Index: 66 scientists 98–99 D-Index: 68 scientists 100–101 D-Index: 49 scientists 102–103 D-Index: 60 scientists 104–105 D-Index: 54 scientists 106–107 D-Index: 36 scientists 108–109 D-Index: 23 scientists 110–111 D-Index: 52 scientists 112–113 D-Index: 41 scientists 114–115 D-Index: 34 scientists 116–117 D-Index: 25 scientists 118–119 D-Index: 28 scientists 120–121 D-Index: 11 scientists 122–123 D-Index: 20 scientists 124–125 D-Index: 27 scientists 126–127 D-Index: 19 scientists 128–129 D-Index: 20 scientists 130–131 D-Index: 16 scientists 132–133 D-Index: 17 scientists 134–135 D-Index: 14 scientists 136–137 D-Index: 15 scientists 138–139 D-Index: 9 scientists 140–141 D-Index: 11 scientists 142–143 D-Index: 9 scientists 144–145 D-Index: 9 scientists 146–147 D-Index: 7 scientists 148–149 D-Index: 7 scientists 150–151 D-Index: 7 scientists 152–153 D-Index: 5 scientists 154–155 D-Index: 8 scientists 156 D-Index: 6 scientists 157+ D-Index: 96 scientists
40–41 D-Index 157+

This scientist: 102 D-Index — 87th percentile

87% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 157 D-Index or more.

View D-Index distribution as a table
Number of Immunology scientists by D-index, Research.com 2026 ranking edition. Based on 4,929 ranked scientists.
D-Index Scientists This scientist
40–41 28
42–43 91
44–45 157
46–47 192
48–49 175
50–51 188
52–53 177
54–55 155
56–57 194
58–59 201
60–61 197
62–63 201
64–65 173
66–67 167
68–69 172
70–71 199
72–73 184
74–75 133
76–77 163
78–79 127
80–81 121
82–83 125
84–85 121
86–87 102
88–89 96
90–91 75
92–93 72
94–95 74
96–97 66
98–99 68
100–101 49
102–103 60 102
104–105 54
106–107 36
108–109 23
110–111 52
112–113 41
114–115 34
116–117 25
118–119 28
120–121 11
122–123 20
124–125 27
126–127 19
128–129 20
130–131 16
132–133 17
134–135 14
136–137 15
138–139 9
140–141 11
142–143 9
144–145 9
146–147 7
148–149 7
150–151 7
152–153 5
154–155 8
156 6
157+ 96
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Overview

Stephen A. Spector is affiliated with the University of California, San Diego in the United States. Their research focuses primarily on the fields of Medicine and Immunology and Microbiology, with substantive work in several subfields including Infectious Diseases, Virology, Immunology, Epidemiology, and Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health.

Their research topics encompass a range of areas centered on HIV and related health issues as well as mechanisms of disease at the cellular level. These topics include:

  • HIV Research and Treatment
  • HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
  • HIV-related health complications and treatments
  • HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
  • Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
  • Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Pharmacological Effects and Toxicity Studies

Stephen A. Spector has contributed to multiple academic papers published in recognized venues. Some of their recent publications include:

  • "SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, and HIV-1 derived ssRNA sequences activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in human macrophages through a non-classical pathway," 2021, iScience
  • "Live-attenuated Vaccines Prevent Respiratory Syncytial Virus-associated Illness in Young Children," 2020, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
  • "Impact of alcohol exposure on neural development and network formation in human cortical organoids," 2022, Molecular Psychiatry
  • "Comparing antibody assays as correlates of protection against COVID-19 in the COVE mRNA-1273 vaccine efficacy trial," 2023, Science Translational Medicine
  • "CD4 + T Cell-Mimicking Nanoparticles Broadly Neutralize HIV-1 and Suppress Viral Replication through Autophagy," 2020, mBio

Frequent coauthors in Stephen A. Spector's research include Ellen G. Chadwick, Grant R. Campbell, Elizabeth J. McFarland, Murli Purswani, and Megan Wilkins. These collaborations reflect sustained partnerships in their research endeavors.

The venues where they have published multiple works reflect a focus on infectious diseases and virology, with several papers appearing in:

  • JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
  • AIDS
  • Open Forum Infectious Diseases
  • Molecular Psychiatry
  • Journal of Virology

Best Publications

  • Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

    Daniel J. Klionsky;Amal Kamal Abdel-Aziz;Sara Abdelfatah;Mahmoud Abdellatif

  • Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

    Daniel J. Klionsky;Fabio C. Abdalla;Hagai Abeliovich;Robert T. Abraham

  • Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

    Daniel J. Klionsky;Kotb Abdelmohsen;Akihisa Abe;Joynal Abedin

  • Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine.

    Lindsey R. Baden;Hana M El Sahly;Brandon J Essink;Karen Kotloff

  • Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-infected adults and adolescents

    A. S. Fauci;J. G. Bartlett;E. P. Goosby;M. D. Smith

  • Maternal Viral Load, Zidovudine Treatment, and the Risk of Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 from Mother to Infant

    Rhoda S. Sperling;David E. Shapiro;Robert W. Coombs;John A. Todd

  • Lymphocyte subsets in healthy children from birth through 18 years of age : The pediatric AIDS clinical trials group P1009 study

    William T. Shearer;Howard M. Rosenblatt;Rebecca S. Gelman;Rebecca Oyomopito

  • Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

    Daniel J. Klionsky;Kotb Abdelmohsen;Akihisa Abe;Joynal Abedin

  • Identification of a candidate therapeutic autophagy-inducing peptide

    Sanae Shoji-Kawata;Rhea Sumpter;Matthew J Leveno;Grant R. Campbell;Grant R. Campbell

  • A health status questionnaire using 30 items from the Medical Outcomes Study. Preliminary validation in persons with early HIV infection

    Albert W. Wu;Haya R. Rubin;William C. Mathews;John E. Ware Jr.

  • Nevirapine resistance mutations of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 selected during therapy.

    D D Richman;D Havlir;J Corbeil;D Looney

  • Evidence for Early Central Nervous System Involvement in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and Other Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections: Studies with Neuropsychologic Testing and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

    I Grant;J H Atkinson;J R Hesselink;C J Kennedy

  • Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among HIV-infected persons - 2002

    Henry Masur;Jonathan E. Kaplan;King K. Holmes;Beverly Alston

  • Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among men infected with human immunodeficiency virus. A controlled study.

    Atkinson Jh;Grant I;Kennedy Cj;Richman Dd

  • Muscle architecture and force-velocity characteristics of cat soleus and medial gastrocnemius: implications for motor control

    S. A. Spector;P. F. Gardiner;R. F. Zernicke;R. R. Roy

  • Consensus statement on the use of corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for Pneumocystis pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

    P. Meier;J. A. Mccutchan;S. A. Bozzette;M. Clement

  • A randomized trial of three antipneumocystis agents in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection.

    S. A. Bozzette;D. M. Finkelstein;S. A. Spector;P. Frame

  • Cerebrospinal fluid human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA levels are elevated in neurocognitively impaired individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

    Ellis Rj;Hsia K;Spector Sa;Nelson Ja

  • Ganciclovir treatment of symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection: results of a phase II study. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group.

    Richard J. Whitley;Gretchen Cloud;William Gruber;Gregory A. Storch

  • A Randomized Trial Comparing Fluconazole with Clotrimazole Troches for the Prevention of Fungal Infections in Patients with Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

    William G. Powderly;Dianne M. Finkelstein;Judith Feinberg;Peter Frame

  • Oral ganciclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in persons with AIDS. Roche Cooperative Oral Ganciclovir Study Group

    Stephen A. Spector;George F. McKinley;Jacob P. Lalezari;Tobias Samo

  • High-Level Resistance of Cytomegalovirus to Ganciclovir Is Associated with Alterations in Both the UL97 and DNA Polymerase Genes

    Irene L. Smith;Julie M. Cherrington;Rhett E. Jiles;Michael D. Fuller

  • Oral ganciclovir as maintenance treatment for cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Syntex Cooperative Oral Ganciclovir Study Group.

    W L Drew;D Ives;J P Lalezari;C Crumpacker

  • Monitoring Plasma HIV-1 RNA Levels in Addition to CD4+ Lymphocyte Count Improves Assessment of Antiretroviral Therapeutic Response

    Michael D. Hughes;Victoria A. Johnson;Martin S. Hirsch;James W. Bremer

  • Use of Changes in Plasma Levels of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA to Assess the Clinical Benefit of Antiretroviral Therapy

    Ian C. Marschner;Ann C. Collier;Robert W. Coombs;Richard T. D'Aquila

  • Panel on Clinical Practices for Treatment of HIV Infection

    Jean Anderson;A. Cornelius Baker;Samuel A. Bozzette;Charles Carpenter

Frequent Co-Authors

Douglas D. Richman
Douglas D. Richman University of California, San Diego
Samuel A. Bozzette
Samuel A. Bozzette University of California, San Diego
Ram Yogev
Ram Yogev Northwestern University
Deborah H. Spector
Deborah H. Spector University of California, San Diego
Patricia M. Flynn
Patricia M. Flynn St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
Igor Grant
Igor Grant University of California, San Diego
Sharon Nachman
Sharon Nachman Stony Brook Medicine
Lynne M. Mofenson
Lynne M. Mofenson Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation
George K. Siberry
George K. Siberry United States Department of State
Andrew Wiznia
Andrew Wiznia Albert Einstein College of Medicine

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