World's Best Scientists 2026 revealed!
VIEW LIST
Kangsen Mai
Award Badge
Biology and Biochemistry
China
2023

D-Index & Metrics

Biology and Biochemistry

D-Index
93
Citations
32898
World Ranking
2095
National Ranking
50

Kangsen Mai publication distribution in Biology and Biochemistry in 2026

The chart shows the distribution of publications by all Research.com ranked scientists in the field of Biology and Biochemistry in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where Kangsen Mai sits on this spectrum.

47–56 publications: 8 scientists 57–66 publications: 35 scientists 67–76 publications: 106 scientists 77–86 publications: 231 scientists 87–96 publications: 414 scientists 97–106 publications: 546 scientists 107–116 publications: 704 scientists 117–126 publications: 849 scientists 127–136 publications: 980 scientists 137–146 publications: 942 scientists 147–156 publications: 969 scientists 157–166 publications: 950 scientists 167–176 publications: 951 scientists 177–186 publications: 915 scientists 187–196 publications: 787 scientists 197–206 publications: 841 scientists 207–216 publications: 735 scientists 217–226 publications: 709 scientists 227–236 publications: 651 scientists 237–246 publications: 605 scientists 247–256 publications: 510 scientists 257–266 publications: 524 scientists 267–276 publications: 434 scientists 277–286 publications: 418 scientists 287–296 publications: 350 scientists 297–306 publications: 363 scientists 307–316 publications: 315 scientists 317–326 publications: 296 scientists 327–336 publications: 261 scientists 337–346 publications: 240 scientists 347–356 publications: 219 scientists 357–366 publications: 197 scientists 367–376 publications: 154 scientists 377–386 publications: 161 scientists 387–396 publications: 155 scientists 397–406 publications: 145 scientists 407–416 publications: 124 scientists 417–426 publications: 112 scientists 427–436 publications: 132 scientists 437–446 publications: 116 scientists 447–456 publications: 99 scientists 457–466 publications: 81 scientists 467–476 publications: 91 scientists 477–486 publications: 80 scientists 487–496 publications: 80 scientists 497–506 publications: 60 scientists 507–516 publications: 36 scientists 517–526 publications: 46 scientists 527–536 publications: 54 scientists 537–546 publications: 44 scientists 547–556 publications: 43 scientists 557–566 publications: 43 scientists 567–576 publications: 42 scientists 577–586 publications: 25 scientists 587–596 publications: 34 scientists 597–606 publications: 23 scientists 607–616 publications: 33 scientists 617–626 publications: 31 scientists 627–636 publications: 27 scientists 637–646 publications: 25 scientists 647–656 publications: 28 scientists 657–666 publications: 34 scientists 667–676 publications: 18 scientists 677–686 publications: 16 scientists 687–696 publications: 10 scientists 697–706 publications: 12 scientists 707–716 publications: 21 scientists 717–726 publications: 12 scientists 727–736 publications: 12 scientists 737–746 publications: 10 scientists 747–756 publications: 7 scientists 757–766 publications: 13 scientists 767–776 publications: 15 scientists 777–786 publications: 13 scientists 787–796 publications: 9 scientists 797–806 publications: 9 scientists 807–816 publications: 7 scientists 817–826 publications: 4 scientists 827–836 publications: 9 scientists 837–846 publications: 7 scientists 847–856 publications: 3 scientists 857–866 publications: 5 scientists 867–876 publications: 5 scientists 877–886 publications: 11 scientists 887–896 publications: 3 scientists 897–906 publications: 4 scientists 907–916 publications: 7 scientists 917–926 publications: 5 scientists 927–936 publications: 6 scientists 937–946 publications: 6 scientists 947–956 publications: 3 scientists 957–966 publications: 7 scientists 967–976 publications: 2 scientists 977–986 publications: 2 scientists 987–996 publications: 1 scientists 997–1,006 publications: 5 scientists 1,007–1,016 publications: 2 scientists 1,017–1,026 publications: 2 scientists 1,027 publications: 1 scientists 1,028+ publications: 100 scientists
47 publications 1,028+

This scientist: 708 publications — 98th percentile

98% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 1,028 publications or more.

Kangsen Mai D-index placement in Biology and Biochemistry in 2026

The chart shows the D-index (discipline H-index) distribution of Biology and Biochemistry scientists ranked by Research.com in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where Kangsen Mai sits on this spectrum.

40–41 D-Index: 80 scientists 42–43 D-Index: 183 scientists 44–45 D-Index: 317 scientists 46–47 D-Index: 504 scientists 48–49 D-Index: 718 scientists 50–51 D-Index: 900 scientists 52–53 D-Index: 1,026 scientists 54–55 D-Index: 1,150 scientists 56–57 D-Index: 1,236 scientists 58–59 D-Index: 1,253 scientists 60–61 D-Index: 1,163 scientists 62–63 D-Index: 1,131 scientists 64–65 D-Index: 1,032 scientists 66–67 D-Index: 897 scientists 68–69 D-Index: 814 scientists 70–71 D-Index: 715 scientists 72–73 D-Index: 709 scientists 74–75 D-Index: 596 scientists 76–77 D-Index: 512 scientists 78–79 D-Index: 473 scientists 80–81 D-Index: 412 scientists 82–83 D-Index: 373 scientists 84–85 D-Index: 358 scientists 86–87 D-Index: 285 scientists 88–89 D-Index: 273 scientists 90–91 D-Index: 227 scientists 92–93 D-Index: 208 scientists 94–95 D-Index: 193 scientists 96–97 D-Index: 153 scientists 98–99 D-Index: 157 scientists 100–101 D-Index: 148 scientists 102–103 D-Index: 120 scientists 104–105 D-Index: 113 scientists 106–107 D-Index: 100 scientists 108–109 D-Index: 86 scientists 110–111 D-Index: 67 scientists 112–113 D-Index: 72 scientists 114–115 D-Index: 73 scientists 116–117 D-Index: 64 scientists 118–119 D-Index: 53 scientists 120–121 D-Index: 60 scientists 122–123 D-Index: 54 scientists 124–125 D-Index: 43 scientists 126–127 D-Index: 38 scientists 128–129 D-Index: 49 scientists 130–131 D-Index: 26 scientists 132–133 D-Index: 18 scientists 134–135 D-Index: 23 scientists 136–137 D-Index: 32 scientists 138–139 D-Index: 32 scientists 140–141 D-Index: 27 scientists 142–143 D-Index: 19 scientists 144–145 D-Index: 22 scientists 146–147 D-Index: 12 scientists 148–149 D-Index: 16 scientists 150–151 D-Index: 14 scientists 152–153 D-Index: 10 scientists 154–155 D-Index: 13 scientists 156–157 D-Index: 10 scientists 158–159 D-Index: 7 scientists 160–161 D-Index: 9 scientists 162–163 D-Index: 13 scientists 164–165 D-Index: 4 scientists 166 D-Index: 4 scientists 167+ D-Index: 98 scientists
40 D-Index 167+

This scientist: 93 D-Index — 90th percentile

90% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 167 D-Index or more.

Research.com Recognitions

  • 2023 - Research.com Biology and Biochemistry in China Leader Award

Overview

Kangsen Mai is affiliated with the Ocean University of China and specializes in research across multiple interrelated disciplines including Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Immunology and Microbiology, and Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology. Their scholarly output spans core areas of Aquatic Science, Immunology, Molecular Biology, Physiology, and Biochemistry.

The research themes addressed by Kangsen Mai are focused primarily on aquaculture nutrition and growth, aquaculture disease management and microbiota, aquatic life and conservation, marine bivalve and aquaculture studies, reproductive biology and impacts on aquatic species, adipose tissue and metabolism, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.

Frequent venues for publication include Aquaculture, Fish & Shellfish Immunology, Aquaculture Reports, Aquaculture Nutrition, and SSRN Electronic Journal.

  • Aquaculture
  • Fish & Shellfish Immunology
  • Aquaculture Reports
  • Aquaculture Nutrition
  • SSRN Electronic Journal

Among notable papers authored or coauthored by Kangsen Mai are:

  • The Fish Microbiota: Research Progress and Potential Applications (2023, Engineering)
  • Dietary polystyrene nanoplastics exposure alters liver lipid metabolism and muscle nutritional quality in carnivorous marine fish large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) (2021, Journal of Hazardous Materials)
  • ω-6 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid) activate both autophagy and antioxidation in a synergistic feedback loop via TOR-dependent and TOR-independent signaling pathways (2020, Cell Death and Disease)
  • Effects of dietary raw or Enterococcus faecium fermented soybean meal on growth, antioxidant status, intestinal microbiota, morphology, and inflammatory responses in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) (2020, Fish & Shellfish Immunology)
  • High Fat Activates O-GlcNAcylation and Affects AMPK/ACC Pathway to Regulate Lipid Metabolism (2021, Nutrients)

Kangsen Mai collaborates frequently with several researchers, including Qinghui Ai, Wenbing Zhang, Yanjiao Zhang, Yongtao Liu, and Mingzhu Pan.

  • Qinghui Ai
  • Wenbing Zhang
  • Yanjiao Zhang
  • Yongtao Liu
  • Mingzhu Pan

Best Publications

  • New developments in fish amino acid nutrition: towards functional and environmentally oriented aquafeeds

    Peng Li;Kangsen Mai;Jesse Trushenski;Guoyao Wu

  • Effect of dietary lipid level on growth performance, lipid deposition, hepatic lipogenesis in juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum)

    Ji-Teng Wang;Yong-Jian Liu;Li-Xia Tian;Kang-Sen Mai

  • Effects of dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis and fructooligosaccharide on growth performance, survival, non-specific immune response and disease resistance of juvenile large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea

    Qinghui Ai;Houguo Xu;Kangsen Mai;Wei Xu

  • Effects of dietary β-1, 3 glucan on innate immune response of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea

    Qinghui Ai;Kangsen Mai;Lu Zhang;Beiping Tan

  • Dietary probiotic Bacillus OJ and isomaltooligosaccharides influence the intestine microbial populations, immune responses and resistance to white spot syndrome virus in shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

    Jiqiu Li;Jiqiu Li;Beiping Tan;Kangsen Mai

  • Effects of replacing fish meal with soy protein concentrate on feed intake and growth of juvenile Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

    Junming Deng;Kangsen Mai;Qinghui Ai;Wenbing Zhang

  • Effects of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids on growth, nonspecific immunity, expression of some immune related genes and disease resistance of large yellow croaker (Larmichthys crocea) following natural infestation of parasites (Cryptocaryon irritans)

    Rantao Zuo;Qinghui Ai;Kangsen Mai;Wei Xu

  • Substituting fish meal with soybean meal in diets for Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus): Effects on growth, digestive enzymes activity, gut histology, and expression of gut inflammatory and transporter genes

    Chunxiao Zhang;Samad Rahimnejad;Ya-ru Wang;Kangle Lu

  • Effects of dietary vitamin C on survival, growth, and immunity of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea

    Qinghui Ai;Kangsen Mai;Beiping Tan;Wei Xu

  • Effects of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus

    Qinghui Ai;Kangsen Mai;Huitao Li;Chunxiao Zhang

  • Interaction of dietary Bacillus subtilis and fructooligosaccharide on the growth performance, non-specific immunity of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus

    Qin Zhang;Hongming Ma;Kangsen Mai;Wenbing Zhang

  • Effects of potential probiotic Bacillus subtilis T13 on growth, immunity and disease resistance against Vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus.

    Yancui Zhao;Yancui Zhao;Wenbing Zhang;Wei Xu;Kangsen Mai

  • Dietary methionine requirement of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R

    Kangsen Mai;Junli Wan;Qinghui Ai;Wei Xu

  • Dietary Lipid Levels Influence Lipid Deposition in the Liver of Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea) by Regulating Lipoprotein Receptors, Fatty Acid Uptake and Triacylglycerol Synthesis and Catabolism at the Transcriptional Level.

    Jing Yan;Kai Liao;Tianjiao Wang;Kangsen Mai

  • Effects of dietary vitamin C on growth and immune response of Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus

    Qinghui Ai;Kangsen Mai;Chunxiao Zhang;Wei Xu

  • Replacement of fish meal by meat and bone meal in diets for large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea

    Qinghui Ai;Kangsen Mai;Beiping Tan;Wei Xu

  • Growth performance, lipid deposition and hepatic lipid metabolism related gene expression in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) fed diets with various fish oil substitution levels by soybean oil

    Mo Peng;Wei Xu;Kangsen Mai;Huihui Zhou

  • Dietary lysine requirement of juvenile Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus

    Kangsen Mai;Lu Zhang;Qinghui Ai;Qingyuan Duan

  • Activities of selected digestive enzymes during larval development of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea)

    Hongming Ma;Chantal Cahu;Jose-Luis Zambonino;Hairui Yu

  • Dietary l-methionine requirement of juvenile grouper Epinephelus coioides at a constant dietary cystine level

    Zhi Luo;Yong-jian Liu;Kang-sen Mai;Li-xia Tian

Frequent Co-Authors

Qinghui Ai
Qinghui Ai Ocean University of China
Wei Xu
Wei Xu Fudan University
Wenbing Zhang
Wenbing Zhang Tianjin University
Yang Liu
Yang Liu Sichuan Agricultural University
Yong-An Zhang
Yong-An Zhang Huazhong Agricultural University
Ju Li
Ju Li MIT
Liqiao Chen
Liqiao Chen East China Normal University
Juan Carlos Navarro
Juan Carlos Navarro Spanish National Research Council
Benoît Macq
Benoît Macq Université Catholique de Louvain
Cunming Duan
Cunming Duan University of Michigan–Ann Arbor

External Links

Personal website of Kangsen Mai

If you think any of the details on this page are incorrect, let us know.

Report an issue

We appreciate your kind effort to assist us to improve this page, it would be helpful providing us with as much detail as possible in the text box below:

Best Scientists Citing Kangsen Mai

Xiao-Qiu Zhou

Xiao-Qiu Zhou

Sichuan Agricultural University

Publications: 209

Pei Wu

Pei Wu

Sichuan Agricultural University

Publications: 163

Yang Liu

Yang Liu

Sichuan Agricultural University

Publications: 157

Sheng-Yao Kuang

Sheng-Yao Kuang

Sichuan Animal Science Academy

Publications: 97

Xianping Ge

Xianping Ge

Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences

Publications: 72

Liqiao Chen

Liqiao Chen

East China Normal University

Publications: 69

Yong-An Zhang

Yong-An Zhang

Huazhong Agricultural University

Publications: 60

Mahmoud A.O. Dawood

Mahmoud A.O. Dawood

Kafrelsheikh University

Publications: 50

Douglas R. Tocher

Douglas R. Tocher

Shantou University

Publications: 50

Shunsuke Koshio

Shunsuke Koshio

Kagoshima University

Publications: 38

Marisol Izquierdo

Marisol Izquierdo

University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

Publications: 35

Manabu Ishikawa

Manabu Ishikawa

Kagoshima University

Publications: 31

Aires Oliva-Teles

Aires Oliva-Teles

University of Porto

Publications: 31

You-Nian Liu

You-Nian Liu

Central South University

Publications: 30

Enric Gisbert

Enric Gisbert

Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology

Publications: 28

Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar

Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar

Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

Publications: 24

Trending Scientists

Ravin Narain

Ravin Narain

University of Alberta

Bowen Cheng

Bowen Cheng

Tianjin Polytechnic University

Shehab Ahmed

Shehab Ahmed

King Abdullah University of Science and Technology

Dasiel O. Borroto-Escuela

Dasiel O. Borroto-Escuela

Karolinska Institute

Wolfgang H. R. Miltner

Wolfgang H. R. Miltner

Friedrich Schiller University Jena

John J. Walsh

John J. Walsh

Yale University

Didier Picard

Didier Picard

University of Geneva

Andrew D. Saunders

Andrew D. Saunders

University of Leicester

Zhu-Yin Chu

Zhu-Yin Chu

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Xin Wang

Xin Wang

Stony Brook University

Calin Belta

Calin Belta

Boston University

Thamar Solorio

Thamar Solorio

Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence

Louis-Philippe Boulet

Louis-Philippe Boulet

Université Laval

Markku Heliövaara

Markku Heliövaara

Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)

Alan Chait

Alan Chait

University of Washington

John L. Innes

John L. Innes

University of British Columbia

Related Biology and Biochemistry Rankings & Guides

2026 Health Informatics vs. Nursing Informatics: Explaining the Difference

2026 Health Informatics vs. Nursing Informatics: Explaining the Difference
2026 Cheapest and Shortest Online Nutrition Degree Programs That Pay Well: Cost, Duration, and Salary Outlook

2026 Cheapest and Shortest Online Nutrition Degree Programs That Pay Well: Cost, Duration, and Salary Outlook
2026 What Prerequisites Do You Need for a Public Health Degree? Entry Requirements, Credits & Eligibility Rules

2026 What Prerequisites Do You Need for a Public Health Degree? Entry Requirements, Credits & Eligibility Rules
2026 How to Verify Accreditation for Medical Studies Degree Programs

2026 How to Verify Accreditation for Medical Studies Degree Programs
2026 Easiest Online Healthcare Innovation Master's Degree Programs That Pay Well: High-Salary Degrees with Simple Admissions

2026 Easiest Online Healthcare Innovation Master's Degree Programs That Pay Well: High-Salary Degrees with Simple Admissions
2026 Are Online Radiology Technician Degrees Respected by Employers?

2026 Are Online Radiology Technician Degrees Respected by Employers?
2026 Which Schools Offer Flexible Start-Anytime Enrollment for an Occupational Therapy Program?

2026 Which Schools Offer Flexible Start-Anytime Enrollment for an Occupational Therapy Program?
2026 Easiest Online Medical Billing & Coding Degree Programs That Pay Well: High-Salary Degrees with Simple Admissions

2026 Easiest Online Medical Billing & Coding Degree Programs That Pay Well: High-Salary Degrees with Simple Admissions
2026 Medical Assisting Degree vs. Certificate: Which Should You Choose?

2026 Medical Assisting Degree vs. Certificate: Which Should You Choose?
2026 Easiest Online Healthcare Management Degree Programs That Pay Well: High-Salary Degrees with Simple Admissions

2026 Easiest Online Healthcare Management Degree Programs That Pay Well: High-Salary Degrees with Simple Admissions
2026 Nutrition Degree Programs for Career Changers

2026 Nutrition Degree Programs for Career Changers
2026 Admission Requirements for Family Nurse Practitioner Degree Programs

2026 Admission Requirements for Family Nurse Practitioner Degree Programs
2026 Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA) vs. Registered Nurse (RN): Explaining the Difference

2026 Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA) vs. Registered Nurse (RN): Explaining the Difference
2026 Is Health Information Management a Hard Major? What Students Should Know

2026 Is Health Information Management a Hard Major? What Students Should Know
2026 Online Pharmacy Degree Programs Costs: Tuition & Fees

2026 Online Pharmacy Degree Programs Costs: Tuition & Fees
2026 Online Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Degree Programs Costs: Tuition & Fees

2026 Online Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Degree Programs Costs: Tuition & Fees
2026 Can You Get Into a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Program with a Low GPA? Admission Chances & Workarounds

2026 Can You Get Into a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Program with a Low GPA? Admission Chances & Workarounds
2026 Fastest Online Bioinformatics Master’s Degree Programs

2026 Fastest Online Bioinformatics Master’s Degree Programs
2026 Fastest Online Health Informatics Degree Programs You Can Finish in Under 2 Years

2026 Fastest Online Health Informatics Degree Programs You Can Finish in Under 2 Years
2026 Do Employers Pay for Pharmacy Degrees: Tuition Reimbursement and Sponsorship Options

2026 Do Employers Pay for Pharmacy Degrees: Tuition Reimbursement and Sponsorship Options
2026 Cheapest and Shortest Online Clinical Research Management Degree Programs That Pay Well: Cost, Duration, and Salary Outlook

2026 Cheapest and Shortest Online Clinical Research Management Degree Programs That Pay Well: Cost, Duration, and Salary Outlook

Recently Published Articles

2026 How to Become a Librarian in New Jersey

2026 How to Become a Librarian in New Jersey
2026 Online SLP Programs With Summer Start Dates or Rolling Admissions

2026 Online SLP Programs With Summer Start Dates or Rolling Admissions
2026 Best Accredited Online Oceanography Bachelor's Degree Programs

2026 Best Accredited Online Oceanography Bachelor's Degree Programs
2026 Self-Paced Online Construction Management Bachelor's Degree Programs

2026 Self-Paced Online Construction Management Bachelor's Degree Programs
2026 Cheapest Online Biostatistics Master's Degrees That Pay Well: Tuition, Duration, and Earnings

2026 Cheapest Online Biostatistics Master's Degrees That Pay Well: Tuition, Duration, and Earnings
2026 Most Affordable Online DNP Programs

2026 Most Affordable Online DNP Programs
2026 Can You Get a Data Analytics Degree Master's Without a Related Bachelor's Degree?

2026 Can You Get a Data Analytics Degree Master's Without a Related Bachelor's Degree?
2026 Online Library Science Degree Master's Programs That Accept Transfer Credits

2026 Online Library Science Degree Master's Programs That Accept Transfer Credits
2026 Best Online Nursing Programs in Texas – Accredited RN to BSN Programs

2026 Best Online Nursing Programs in Texas – Accredited RN to BSN Programs
2026 Best Accelerated BSN Programs Online

2026 Best Accelerated BSN Programs Online
2026 Best LPN Programs in New Mexico – Accredited Online LPN Programs

2026 Best LPN Programs in New Mexico – Accredited Online LPN Programs
2026 Cheapest Online Supply Chain Management Bachelor's Degrees That Pay Well: Tuition, Duration, and Earnings

2026 Cheapest Online Supply Chain Management Bachelor's Degrees That Pay Well: Tuition, Duration, and Earnings
2026 Most Affordable Online Medical Billing and Coding Courses

2026 Most Affordable Online Medical Billing and Coding Courses
2026 How to Become a Criminal Psychologist in New York

2026 How to Become a Criminal Psychologist in New York
2026 Art Teacher Certification and Requirements

2026 Art Teacher Certification and Requirements
2026 Anthropology Degree Levels Explained: Bachelor's vs Master's vs Doctorate

2026 Anthropology Degree Levels Explained: Bachelor's vs Master's vs Doctorate
2026 Cheapest Way to Get a Teaching Credential in Portland, OR: Degree Requirements & Certification

2026 Cheapest Way to Get a Teaching Credential in Portland, OR: Degree Requirements & Certification
2026 What Are the Requirements for a Master’s Degree in Education?

2026 What Are the Requirements for a Master’s Degree in Education?
2026 Cheapest Nutrition and Dietetics Online Degree Programs

2026 Cheapest Nutrition and Dietetics Online Degree Programs
2026 Hybrid vs Fully Online Astronomy & Space Studies Bachelor's Degree Programs

2026 Hybrid vs Fully Online Astronomy & Space Studies Bachelor's Degree Programs
2026 Easiest Online Construction Management Master's Degree Programs That Pay Well: High-Salary Degrees with Simple Admissions

2026 Easiest Online Construction Management Master's Degree Programs That Pay Well: High-Salary Degrees with Simple Admissions