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Karl W. Birkeland

Karl W. Birkeland

D-Index & Metrics

Discipline name D-Index World Ranking Current World Ranking National Ranking Current National Ranking Publications Citations
Earth Science 32 8767 8146 2846 2519 190 3247

Karl W. Birkeland publications per year

The chart shows the history of publications by Karl W. Birkeland between 1990 and 2025, highlighting the no. of papers published in each year and offering an overview of the publication velocity of this scholar. Karl W. Birkeland published across 36 years, from 1990 to 2025, averaging 5.6 papers a year. Output peaked at 18 publications in 2014. 8 of the 202 publications appeared in the last two years.

No. of publications
5 10 15
Bar chart. Horizontal axis: year, 1990 to 2025. Vertical axis: number of publications, 0 to 18. Peak 18 publications in 2014. 1990: 2 publications 1991: 0 publications 1992: 1 publication 1993: 0 publications 1994: 1 publication 1995: 2 publications 1996: 2 publications 1997: 0 publications 1998: 6 publications 1999: 1 publication 2000: 5 publications 2001: 4 publications 2002: 10 publications 2003: 3 publications 2004: 13 publications 2005: 3 publications 2006: 9 publications 2007: 4 publications 2008: 17 publications 2009: 7 publications 2010: 11 publications 2011: 5 publications 2012: 17 publications 2013: 3 publications 2014: 18 publications 2015: 5 publications 2016: 12 publications 2017: 2 publications 2018: 7 publications 2019: 2 publications 2020: 8 publications 2021: 6 publications 2022: 7 publications 2023: 1 publication 2024: 5 publications 2025: 3 publications
1990 2025

202 publications in total across all disciplines

View publications per year as a table
Karl W. Birkeland: publications per year, 1990 to 2025
Year Publications
1990 2
1991 0
1992 1
1993 0
1994 1
1995 2
1996 2
1997 0
1998 6
1999 1
2000 5
2001 4
2002 10
2003 3
2004 13
2005 3
2006 9
2007 4
2008 17
2009 7
2010 11
2011 5
2012 17
2013 3
2014 18
2015 5
2016 12
2017 2
2018 7
2019 2
2020 8
2021 6
2022 7
2023 1
2024 5
2025 3
Total 202
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Karl W. Birkeland publication distribution in Earth Science in 2026

The chart shows the distribution of publications by all Research.com ranked scientists in the field of Earth Science in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where Karl W. Birkeland sits on this spectrum.

No. of scientists
100 200 300 400 500
Bar chart with 58 bars. Horizontal axis: publications, 38–47 to 603+. Vertical axis: number of scientists, 0 to 557. Most scientists, 557, have 128–137 publications. The last bar groups every scientist with 603 publications or more. The highlighted bar, 188–197 publications, is where this scientist sits. 38–47 publications: 5 scientists 48–57 publications: 33 scientists 58–67 publications: 94 scientists 68–77 publications: 161 scientists 78–87 publications: 278 scientists 88–97 publications: 376 scientists 98–107 publications: 404 scientists 108–117 publications: 484 scientists 118–127 publications: 540 scientists 128–137 publications: 557 scientists 138–147 publications: 491 scientists 148–157 publications: 495 scientists 158–167 publications: 458 scientists 168–177 publications: 490 scientists 178–187 publications: 414 scientists 188–197 publications: 401 scientists 198–207 publications: 333 scientists 208–217 publications: 292 scientists 218–227 publications: 290 scientists 228–237 publications: 262 scientists 238–247 publications: 243 scientists 248–257 publications: 208 scientists 258–267 publications: 185 scientists 268–277 publications: 147 scientists 278–287 publications: 128 scientists 288–297 publications: 119 scientists 298–307 publications: 120 scientists 308–317 publications: 107 scientists 318–327 publications: 93 scientists 328–337 publications: 87 scientists 338–347 publications: 64 scientists 348–357 publications: 87 scientists 358–367 publications: 60 scientists 368–377 publications: 60 scientists 378–387 publications: 34 scientists 388–397 publications: 50 scientists 398–407 publications: 44 scientists 408–417 publications: 31 scientists 418–427 publications: 39 scientists 428–437 publications: 27 scientists 438–447 publications: 36 scientists 448–457 publications: 27 scientists 458–467 publications: 29 scientists 468–477 publications: 30 scientists 478–487 publications: 19 scientists 488–497 publications: 15 scientists 498–507 publications: 18 scientists 508–517 publications: 19 scientists 518–527 publications: 16 scientists 528–537 publications: 10 scientists 538–547 publications: 11 scientists 548–557 publications: 14 scientists 558–567 publications: 11 scientists 568–577 publications: 7 scientists 578–587 publications: 14 scientists 588–597 publications: 5 scientists 598–602 publications: 4 scientists 603+ publications: 100 scientists
38–47 publications 603+

This scientist: 190 publications — 59th percentile

59% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 603 publications or more.

View publications distribution as a table
Number of Earth Science scientists by publication count, Research.com 2026 ranking edition. Based on 9,176 ranked scientists.
Publications Scientists This scientist
38–47 5
48–57 33
58–67 94
68–77 161
78–87 278
88–97 376
98–107 404
108–117 484
118–127 540
128–137 557
138–147 491
148–157 495
158–167 458
168–177 490
178–187 414
188–197 401 190
198–207 333
208–217 292
218–227 290
228–237 262
238–247 243
248–257 208
258–267 185
268–277 147
278–287 128
288–297 119
298–307 120
308–317 107
318–327 93
328–337 87
338–347 64
348–357 87
358–367 60
368–377 60
378–387 34
388–397 50
398–407 44
408–417 31
418–427 39
428–437 27
438–447 36
448–457 27
458–467 29
468–477 30
478–487 19
488–497 15
498–507 18
508–517 19
518–527 16
528–537 10
538–547 11
548–557 14
558–567 11
568–577 7
578–587 14
588–597 5
598–602 4
603+ 100
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Karl W. Birkeland D-index placement in Earth Science in 2026

The chart shows the D-index (discipline H-index) distribution of Earth Science scientists ranked by Research.com in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where Karl W. Birkeland sits on this spectrum.

No. of scientists
100 200 300
Bar chart with 77 bars. Horizontal axis: D-Index, 30 to 106+. Vertical axis: number of scientists, 0 to 389. Most scientists, 389, have 36 D-Index. The last bar groups every scientist with 106 D-Index or more. The highlighted bar, 32 D-Index, is where this scientist sits. 30 D-Index: 144 scientists 31 D-Index: 215 scientists 32 D-Index: 278 scientists 33 D-Index: 379 scientists 34 D-Index: 366 scientists 35 D-Index: 372 scientists 36 D-Index: 389 scientists 37 D-Index: 366 scientists 38 D-Index: 344 scientists 39 D-Index: 349 scientists 40 D-Index: 296 scientists 41 D-Index: 289 scientists 42 D-Index: 277 scientists 43 D-Index: 279 scientists 44 D-Index: 248 scientists 45 D-Index: 257 scientists 46 D-Index: 212 scientists 47 D-Index: 202 scientists 48 D-Index: 207 scientists 49 D-Index: 204 scientists 50 D-Index: 183 scientists 51 D-Index: 178 scientists 52 D-Index: 182 scientists 53 D-Index: 178 scientists 54 D-Index: 163 scientists 55 D-Index: 117 scientists 56 D-Index: 163 scientists 57 D-Index: 120 scientists 58 D-Index: 113 scientists 59 D-Index: 136 scientists 60 D-Index: 135 scientists 61 D-Index: 96 scientists 62 D-Index: 103 scientists 63 D-Index: 83 scientists 64 D-Index: 103 scientists 65 D-Index: 83 scientists 66 D-Index: 89 scientists 67 D-Index: 92 scientists 68 D-Index: 89 scientists 69 D-Index: 78 scientists 70 D-Index: 75 scientists 71 D-Index: 53 scientists 72 D-Index: 62 scientists 73 D-Index: 54 scientists 74 D-Index: 35 scientists 75 D-Index: 52 scientists 76 D-Index: 50 scientists 77 D-Index: 32 scientists 78 D-Index: 37 scientists 79 D-Index: 20 scientists 80 D-Index: 33 scientists 81 D-Index: 36 scientists 82 D-Index: 34 scientists 83 D-Index: 34 scientists 84 D-Index: 24 scientists 85 D-Index: 19 scientists 86 D-Index: 18 scientists 87 D-Index: 26 scientists 88 D-Index: 30 scientists 89 D-Index: 17 scientists 90 D-Index: 21 scientists 91 D-Index: 19 scientists 92 D-Index: 15 scientists 93 D-Index: 14 scientists 94 D-Index: 20 scientists 95 D-Index: 9 scientists 96 D-Index: 10 scientists 97 D-Index: 15 scientists 98 D-Index: 13 scientists 99 D-Index: 3 scientists 100 D-Index: 13 scientists 101 D-Index: 3 scientists 102 D-Index: 9 scientists 103 D-Index: 4 scientists 104 D-Index: 6 scientists 105 D-Index: 6 scientists 106+ D-Index: 98 scientists
30 D-Index 106+

This scientist: 32 D-Index — 7th percentile

7% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 106 D-Index or more.

View D-Index distribution as a table
Number of Earth Science scientists by D-index, Research.com 2026 ranking edition. Based on 9,176 ranked scientists.
D-Index Scientists This scientist
30 144
31 215
32 278 32
33 379
34 366
35 372
36 389
37 366
38 344
39 349
40 296
41 289
42 277
43 279
44 248
45 257
46 212
47 202
48 207
49 204
50 183
51 178
52 182
53 178
54 163
55 117
56 163
57 120
58 113
59 136
60 135
61 96
62 103
63 83
64 103
65 83
66 89
67 92
68 89
69 78
70 75
71 53
72 62
73 54
74 35
75 52
76 50
77 32
78 37
79 20
80 33
81 36
82 34
83 34
84 24
85 19
86 18
87 26
88 30
89 17
90 21
91 19
92 15
93 14
94 20
95 9
96 10
97 15
98 13
99 3
100 13
101 3
102 9
103 4
104 6
105 6
106+ 98
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Overview

Karl W. Birkeland is affiliated with the US Forest Service in the United States. Their research primarily focuses on Earth and Planetary Sciences and Environmental Science, with significant contributions to the subfields of Atmospheric Science, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Global and Planetary Change, and Computational Mechanics.

The main topics of their work cover cryospheric studies and observations, landslides and related hazards, winter sports injuries and performance, tree-ring climate responses, fire effects on ecosystems, climate change and permafrost, and flood risk assessment and management.

Karl W. Birkeland has published extensively, with notable papers including:

  • Climate drivers of large magnitude snow avalanche years in the U.S. northern Rocky Mountains, 2021, Scientific Reports
  • Combining GPS tracking and survey data to better understand travel behavior of out-of-bounds skiers, 2020, Applied Geography
  • A regional spatiotemporal analysis of large magnitude snow avalanches using tree rings, 2021, Natural hazards and earth system sciences
  • Assessing the seasonal evolution of snow depth spatial variability and scaling in complex mountain terrain, 2022, The Cryosphere
  • Satellite detection of snow avalanches using Sentinel-1 in a transitional snow climate, 2022, Cold Regions Science and Technology

Frequent coauthors collaborating with Karl W. Birkeland include:

  • Jordy Hendrikx
  • Erich Peitzsch
  • Daniel B. Fagre
  • Gregory T. Pederson
  • J. David Johnson

Their publications frequently appear in these venues:

  • Natural hazards and earth system sciences
  • The Cryosphere
  • Cold Regions Science and Technology
  • Scientific Reports
  • Applied Geography

Best Publications

  • Review of spatial variability of snowpack properties and its importance for avalanche formation

    Jürg Schweizer;Kalle Kronholm;J. Bruce Jamieson;Karl W. Birkeland

  • Snow Avalanche Climatology of the Western United States Mountain Ranges

    Cary J. Mock;Karl W. Birkeland

  • A conceptual model of avalanche hazard

    Grant Statham;Pascal Haegeli;Ethan Greene;Karl Birkeland

  • TERMINOLOGY AND PREDOMINANT PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH THE FORMATION OF WEAK LAYERS OF NEAR-SURFACE FACETED CRYSTALS IN THE MOUNTAIN SNOWPACK

    Karl W. Birkeland

  • The Extended Column Test: Test effectiveness, spatial variability, and comparison with the Propagation Saw Test

    Ron Simenhois;Karl W. Birkeland

  • Power‐laws and snow avalanches

    K. W. Birkeland;K. W. Birkeland;C. C. Landry

  • Estimating the effective elastic modulus and specific fracture energy of snowpack layers from field experiments

    Alec van Herwijnen;Johan Gaume;Edward H. Bair;Benjamin Reuter

  • The spatial variability of snow resistance on potential avalanche slopes

    K. W. Birkeland;K.J. Hansen;R. L. Brown

  • Spatial patterns of snow stability throughout a small mountain range

    K.W. Birkeland

  • Modeling of crack propagation in weak snowpack layers using the discrete element method

    J. Gaume;A. van Herwijnen;G. Chambon;K. W. Birkeland

  • Near-Surface Faceted Crystals Formed by Diurnal Recrystallization: A Case Study of Weak Layer Formation in the Mountain Snowpack and Its Contribution to Snow Avalanches

    Karl W. Birkeland;Ron F. Johnson;D. Scott Schmidt

  • The Extended Column Test: A Field Test for Fracture Initiation and Propagation

    Ron Simenhois;Karl Birkeland

  • Avalanche extremes and atmospheric circulation patterns

    K.W. Birkeland;C. J. Mock;J. J. Shinker

  • Variations in snow strength and stability on uniform slopes

    C. Landry;K. Birkeland;K. Birkeland;K. Hansen;J. Borkowski

  • ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION PATTERNS ASSOCIATED WITH HEAVY SNOWFALL EVENTS, BRIDGER BOWL, MONTANA, U.S.A.

    Karl W. Birkeland

  • Terminology and Predominant Processes Associated with the Formation of Weak Layers of Near-Surface Faceted Crystals in the Mountain Snowpack

    Unknown

  • Integrating spatial patterns into a snow avalanche cellular automata model

    Kalle Kronholm;Kalle Kronholm;Karl W. Birkeland;Karl W. Birkeland

  • A statistical validation of the snowpack model in a Montana climate

    Christopher C Lundy;Robert L Brown;Edward E Adams;Karl W Birkeland

  • Integrating shear quality into stability test results

    Ron F. Johnson;Karl W. Birkeland

  • The stuffblock snow stability test: comparability with the rutschblock, usefulness in different snow climates, and repeatability between observers

    Karl W Birkeland;Ron F Johnson

  • Exploring multi-scale spatial patterns in historical avalanche data, Jackson Hole Mountain Resort, Wyoming

    C. McCollister;K. Birkeland;K. Birkeland;K. Hansen;R. Aspinall

  • THE NORTH AMERICAN PUBLIC AVALANCHE DANGER SCALE

    Grant Statham;Pascal Haegeli;Karl W. Birkeland;Ethan Greene

  • Climate drivers of large magnitude snow avalanche years in the U.S. northern Rocky Mountains

    Erich H. Peitzsch;Gregory T. Pederson;Karl W. Birkeland;Jordy Hendrikx

  • Changes in the shear strength and micro-penetration hardness of a buried surface-hoar layer

    Karl W. Birkeland;Kalle Kronholm;Martin Schneebeli;Christine Pielmeier

Frequent Co-Authors

Jürg Schweizer
Jürg Schweizer Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research
Alec van Herwijnen
Alec van Herwijnen Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research
Kelly Elder
Kelly Elder US Forest Service
Hans-Peter Marshall
Hans-Peter Marshall Boise State University
Jeff Dozier
Jeff Dozier University of California, Santa Barbara
Martyn P. Clark
Martyn P. Clark University of Saskatchewan
Martin Schneebeli
Martin Schneebeli WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF
Michael Lehning
Michael Lehning École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Peter Gumbsch
Peter Gumbsch Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
Thomas G. Huntington
Thomas G. Huntington United States Geological Survey

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