2026 Tong Lee: Earth Science Researcher – H-Index, Publications & Awards

Discipline name	D-Index	World Ranking	Current World Ranking	National Ranking	Current National Ranking	Publications	Citations
Earth Science	65	1410	1252	637	550	201	14283

Overview

Tong Lee is affiliated with the California Institute of Technology in the United States. Their research spans multiple disciplines within Earth and Planetary Sciences, with a particular focus on Oceanography and Atmospheric Science.

Lee's scholarly output includes extensive work on foundational topics related to environmental and climate dynamics. The scientist has contributed to research in Artificial Intelligence as applied to geosciences and environmental monitoring.

Frequent publication venues where their work appears include:

arXiv (Cornell University)
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Remote Sensing
Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

Some recent notable papers include:

On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models, 2021, arXiv (Cornell University)
Holistic Evaluation of Language Models, 2023, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
WILDS: A Benchmark of in-the-Wild Distribution Shifts, 2020, The Caltech Institute Archives (California Institute of Technology)
Sea surface salinity estimates from spaceborne L-band radiometers: An overview of the first decade of observation (2010-2019), 2020, Remote Sensing of Environment
StarCoder: may the source be with you!, 2023, arXiv (Cornell University)

Lee collaborates frequently with several researchers, including:

Dimitris Menemenlis
Xiaochun Wang
Percy Liang
Hong Zhang
Séverine Fournier

The primary fields of study encompass a range of topics, including:

Earth and Planetary Sciences

More specifically, their subfields of study cover:

Oceanography
Artificial Intelligence
Atmospheric Science
Global and Planetary Change
Molecular Biology

Lee's main research topics include:

Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
Climate variability and models
Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics
Topic Modeling
Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing
Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing
Geophysics and Gravity Measurements

Best Publications

Understanding ENSO Diversity

Antonietta Capotondi;Andrew T. Wittenberg;Matthew Newman;Emanuele Di Lorenzo

1157
Citations
Increasing intensity of El Niño in the central‐equatorial Pacific

Tong Lee;Michael J. McPhaden

883
Citations
ECCO2: High Resolution Global Ocean and Sea Ice Data Synthesis

D. Menemenlis;J. Campin;P. Heimbach;C. Hill

537
Citations
El Niño and its relationship to changing background conditions in the tropical Pacific Ocean

M. J. McPhaden;T. Lee;D. McClurg

470
Citations
The Indonesian seas and their role in the coupled ocean–climate system

Janet Sprintall;Arnold L. Gordon;Ariane Koch-Larrouy;Tong Lee

390
Citations
Construction of the adjoint MIT ocean general circulation model and application to Atlantic heat transport sensitivity

Jochem Marotzke;Ralf Giering;Kate Q. Zhang;Detlef Stammer

376
Citations
Subtropics-Related Interannual Sea Surface Temperature Variability in the Central Equatorial Pacific

Jin-Yi Yu;Hsun-Ying Kao;Tong Lee

336
Citations
The changing impact of El Niño on US winter temperatures

Jin-Yi Yu;Yuhao Zou;Seon Tae Kim;Tong Lee

332
Citations
The Ocean Reanalyses Intercomparison Project (ORA-IP)

M. A. Balmaseda;F. Hernandez;A. Storto;M. D. Palmer

316
Citations
Indian Ocean Decadal Variability: A Review

Weiqing Han;Jérôme Vialard;Michael J. McPhaden;Tong Lee

287
Citations
Using Green's Functions to Calibrate an Ocean General Circulation Model

Dimitris Menemenlis;Ichiro Fukumori;Tong Lee

284
Citations
Effects of the Indonesian Throughflow on the Pacific and Indian Oceans

Tong Lee;Ichiro Fukumori;Dimitris Menemenlis;Zhangfan Xing

266
Citations
Decadal phase change in large-scale sea level and winds in the Indo-Pacific region at the end of the 20th century

Tong Lee;Michael J. McPhaden

226
Citations
Sea surface salinity estimates from spaceborne L-band radiometers: An overview of the first decade of observation (2010–2019)

Nicolás Reul;S.A. Grodsky;Manuel Arias;Jacqueline Boutin

214
Citations
Satellite Salinity Observing System: Recent Discoveries and the Way Forward

Nadya Vinogradova;Tong Lee;Jacqueline Boutin;Kyla Drushka

208
Citations
Eddy-induced meridional heat transport in the ocean

Denis L. Volkov;Tong Lee;Lee-Lueng Fu

188
Citations
NASA Supercomputer Improves Prospects for Ocean Climate Research

D. Menemenlis;C. Hill;A. Adcrocft;J.-M. Campin

184
Citations
Satellite and In Situ Salinity: Understanding Near-Surface Stratification and Subfootprint Variability

J. Boutin;Y. Chao;W. E. Asher;Thierry Delcroix

177
Citations
Seasonal Cycles of Meridional Overturning and Heat Transport of the Indian Ocean

Tong Lee;Jochem Marotzke

174
Citations
The Origin, Pathway, and Destination of Niño-3 Water Estimated by a Simulated Passive Tracer and Its Adjoint

Ichiro Fukumori;Tong Lee;Benny Cheng;Dimitris Menemenlis

173
Citations

Frequent Co-Authors

Ichiro Fukumori California Institute of Technology

Michael J. McPhaden Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory

Magdalena Balmaseda European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts

Jacqueline Boutin Sorbonne University

Gary Lagerloef Science Applications International Corporation (United States)

Simona Masina Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici

Nicolas Reul French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea

Matthew Martin Met Office

Dimitris Menemenlis California Institute of Technology

Duane E. Waliser Jet Propulsion Lab

External Links

Personal website of Tong Lee

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