World's Best Scientists 2026 revealed!

D-Index & Metrics

Earth Science

D-Index
65
Citations
14283
World Ranking
1410
National Ranking
637

Tong Lee publication distribution in Earth Science in 2026

The chart shows the distribution of publications by all Research.com ranked scientists in the field of Earth Science in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where Tong Lee sits on this spectrum.

38–42 publications: 1 scientists 43–47 publications: 0 scientists 48–52 publications: 3 scientists 53–57 publications: 8 scientists 58–62 publications: 11 scientists 63–67 publications: 16 scientists 68–72 publications: 24 scientists 73–77 publications: 31 scientists 78–82 publications: 49 scientists 83–87 publications: 77 scientists 88–92 publications: 86 scientists 93–97 publications: 88 scientists 98–102 publications: 92 scientists 103–107 publications: 84 scientists 108–112 publications: 102 scientists 113–117 publications: 108 scientists 118–122 publications: 117 scientists 123–127 publications: 126 scientists 128–132 publications: 146 scientists 133–137 publications: 114 scientists 138–142 publications: 102 scientists 143–147 publications: 127 scientists 148–152 publications: 102 scientists 153–157 publications: 112 scientists 158–162 publications: 102 scientists 163–167 publications: 127 scientists 168–172 publications: 121 scientists 173–177 publications: 112 scientists 178–182 publications: 109 scientists 183–187 publications: 98 scientists 188–192 publications: 92 scientists 193–197 publications: 105 scientists 198–202 publications: 77 scientists 203–207 publications: 80 scientists 208–212 publications: 89 scientists 213–217 publications: 70 scientists 218–222 publications: 74 scientists 223–227 publications: 74 scientists 228–232 publications: 70 scientists 233–237 publications: 67 scientists 238–242 publications: 59 scientists 243–247 publications: 67 scientists 248–252 publications: 51 scientists 253–257 publications: 46 scientists 258–262 publications: 41 scientists 263–267 publications: 39 scientists 268–272 publications: 34 scientists 273–277 publications: 39 scientists 278–282 publications: 35 scientists 283–287 publications: 36 scientists 288–292 publications: 35 scientists 293–297 publications: 29 scientists 298–302 publications: 23 scientists 303–307 publications: 39 scientists 308–312 publications: 34 scientists 313–317 publications: 23 scientists 318–322 publications: 18 scientists 323–327 publications: 18 scientists 328–332 publications: 21 scientists 333–337 publications: 20 scientists 338–342 publications: 15 scientists 343–347 publications: 13 scientists 348–352 publications: 24 scientists 353–357 publications: 25 scientists 358–362 publications: 10 scientists 363–367 publications: 20 scientists 368–372 publications: 17 scientists 373–377 publications: 18 scientists 378–382 publications: 15 scientists 383–387 publications: 7 scientists 388–392 publications: 22 scientists 393–397 publications: 9 scientists 398–402 publications: 11 scientists 403–407 publications: 16 scientists 408–412 publications: 4 scientists 413–417 publications: 5 scientists 418–422 publications: 14 scientists 423–427 publications: 8 scientists 428–432 publications: 7 scientists 433–437 publications: 7 scientists 438–442 publications: 10 scientists 443–447 publications: 10 scientists 448–452 publications: 3 scientists 453–457 publications: 9 scientists 458–462 publications: 11 scientists 463–467 publications: 4 scientists 468–472 publications: 6 scientists 473–477 publications: 11 scientists 478–482 publications: 8 scientists 483–487 publications: 2 scientists 488–492 publications: 3 scientists 493–497 publications: 4 scientists 498–502 publications: 4 scientists 503–507 publications: 4 scientists 508–509 publications: 4 scientists 510+ publications: 100 scientists
38 publications 510+

This scientist: 201 publications — 61st percentile

61% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 510 publications or more.

Tong Lee D-index placement in Earth Science in 2026

The chart shows the D-index (discipline H-index) distribution of Earth Science scientists ranked by Research.com in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where Tong Lee sits on this spectrum.

30 D-Index: 15 scientists 31 D-Index: 42 scientists 32 D-Index: 60 scientists 33 D-Index: 90 scientists 34 D-Index: 103 scientists 35 D-Index: 108 scientists 36 D-Index: 142 scientists 37 D-Index: 147 scientists 38 D-Index: 147 scientists 39 D-Index: 152 scientists 40 D-Index: 143 scientists 41 D-Index: 157 scientists 42 D-Index: 141 scientists 43 D-Index: 151 scientists 44 D-Index: 140 scientists 45 D-Index: 135 scientists 46 D-Index: 121 scientists 47 D-Index: 108 scientists 48 D-Index: 128 scientists 49 D-Index: 111 scientists 50 D-Index: 106 scientists 51 D-Index: 112 scientists 52 D-Index: 102 scientists 53 D-Index: 103 scientists 54 D-Index: 94 scientists 55 D-Index: 61 scientists 56 D-Index: 101 scientists 57 D-Index: 71 scientists 58 D-Index: 65 scientists 59 D-Index: 78 scientists 60 D-Index: 93 scientists 61 D-Index: 56 scientists 62 D-Index: 58 scientists 63 D-Index: 52 scientists 64 D-Index: 63 scientists 65 D-Index: 49 scientists 66 D-Index: 53 scientists 67 D-Index: 57 scientists 68 D-Index: 50 scientists 69 D-Index: 44 scientists 70 D-Index: 44 scientists 71 D-Index: 31 scientists 72 D-Index: 33 scientists 73 D-Index: 33 scientists 74 D-Index: 23 scientists 75 D-Index: 32 scientists 76 D-Index: 24 scientists 77 D-Index: 17 scientists 78 D-Index: 19 scientists 79 D-Index: 9 scientists 80 D-Index: 21 scientists 81 D-Index: 20 scientists 82 D-Index: 17 scientists 83 D-Index: 19 scientists 84 D-Index: 19 scientists 85 D-Index: 14 scientists 86 D-Index: 6 scientists 87 D-Index: 14 scientists 88 D-Index: 17 scientists 89 D-Index: 10 scientists 90 D-Index: 8 scientists 91 D-Index: 8 scientists 92 D-Index: 9 scientists 93 D-Index: 6 scientists 94+ D-Index: 98 scientists
30 D-Index 94+

This scientist: 65 D-Index — 83rd percentile

83% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 94 D-Index or more.

Overview

Tong Lee is affiliated with the California Institute of Technology in the United States. Their research spans multiple disciplines within Earth and Planetary Sciences, with a particular focus on Oceanography and Atmospheric Science.

Lee's scholarly output includes extensive work on foundational topics related to environmental and climate dynamics. The scientist has contributed to research in Artificial Intelligence as applied to geosciences and environmental monitoring.

Frequent publication venues where their work appears include:

  • arXiv (Cornell University)
  • Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
  • Remote Sensing
  • Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans
  • Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

Some recent notable papers include:

  • On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models, 2021, arXiv (Cornell University)
  • Holistic Evaluation of Language Models, 2023, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
  • WILDS: A Benchmark of in-the-Wild Distribution Shifts, 2020, The Caltech Institute Archives (California Institute of Technology)
  • Sea surface salinity estimates from spaceborne L-band radiometers: An overview of the first decade of observation (2010-2019), 2020, Remote Sensing of Environment
  • StarCoder: may the source be with you!, 2023, arXiv (Cornell University)

Lee collaborates frequently with several researchers, including:

  • Dimitris Menemenlis
  • Xiaochun Wang
  • Percy Liang
  • Hong Zhang
  • Séverine Fournier

The primary fields of study encompass a range of topics, including:

  • Earth and Planetary Sciences

More specifically, their subfields of study cover:

  • Oceanography
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Global and Planetary Change
  • Molecular Biology

Lee's main research topics include:

  • Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
  • Climate variability and models
  • Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics
  • Topic Modeling
  • Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing
  • Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing
  • Geophysics and Gravity Measurements

Best Publications

  • Understanding ENSO Diversity

    Antonietta Capotondi;Andrew T. Wittenberg;Matthew Newman;Emanuele Di Lorenzo

  • Increasing intensity of El Niño in the central‐equatorial Pacific

    Tong Lee;Michael J. McPhaden

  • ECCO2: High Resolution Global Ocean and Sea Ice Data Synthesis

    D. Menemenlis;J. Campin;P. Heimbach;C. Hill

  • El Niño and its relationship to changing background conditions in the tropical Pacific Ocean

    M. J. McPhaden;T. Lee;D. McClurg

  • The Indonesian seas and their role in the coupled ocean–climate system

    Janet Sprintall;Arnold L. Gordon;Ariane Koch-Larrouy;Tong Lee

  • Construction of the adjoint MIT ocean general circulation model and application to Atlantic heat transport sensitivity

    Jochem Marotzke;Ralf Giering;Kate Q. Zhang;Detlef Stammer

  • Subtropics-Related Interannual Sea Surface Temperature Variability in the Central Equatorial Pacific

    Jin-Yi Yu;Hsun-Ying Kao;Tong Lee

  • The changing impact of El Niño on US winter temperatures

    Jin-Yi Yu;Yuhao Zou;Seon Tae Kim;Tong Lee

  • The Ocean Reanalyses Intercomparison Project (ORA-IP)

    M. A. Balmaseda;F. Hernandez;A. Storto;M. D. Palmer

  • Indian Ocean Decadal Variability: A Review

    Weiqing Han;Jérôme Vialard;Michael J. McPhaden;Tong Lee

  • Using Green's Functions to Calibrate an Ocean General Circulation Model

    Dimitris Menemenlis;Ichiro Fukumori;Tong Lee

  • Effects of the Indonesian Throughflow on the Pacific and Indian Oceans

    Tong Lee;Ichiro Fukumori;Dimitris Menemenlis;Zhangfan Xing

  • Decadal phase change in large-scale sea level and winds in the Indo-Pacific region at the end of the 20th century

    Tong Lee;Michael J. McPhaden

  • Sea surface salinity estimates from spaceborne L-band radiometers: An overview of the first decade of observation (2010–2019)

    Nicolás Reul;S.A. Grodsky;Manuel Arias;Jacqueline Boutin

  • Satellite Salinity Observing System: Recent Discoveries and the Way Forward

    Nadya Vinogradova;Tong Lee;Jacqueline Boutin;Kyla Drushka

  • Eddy-induced meridional heat transport in the ocean

    Denis L. Volkov;Tong Lee;Lee-Lueng Fu

  • NASA Supercomputer Improves Prospects for Ocean Climate Research

    D. Menemenlis;C. Hill;A. Adcrocft;J.-M. Campin

  • Satellite and In Situ Salinity: Understanding Near-Surface Stratification and Subfootprint Variability

    J. Boutin;Y. Chao;W. E. Asher;Thierry Delcroix

  • Seasonal Cycles of Meridional Overturning and Heat Transport of the Indian Ocean

    Tong Lee;Jochem Marotzke

  • The Origin, Pathway, and Destination of Niño-3 Water Estimated by a Simulated Passive Tracer and Its Adjoint

    Ichiro Fukumori;Tong Lee;Benny Cheng;Dimitris Menemenlis

Frequent Co-Authors

Ichiro Fukumori
Ichiro Fukumori California Institute of Technology
Michael J. McPhaden
Michael J. McPhaden Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
Magdalena Balmaseda
Magdalena Balmaseda European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
Jacqueline Boutin
Jacqueline Boutin Sorbonne University
Gary Lagerloef
Gary Lagerloef Science Applications International Corporation (United States)
Simona Masina
Simona Masina Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici
Nicolas Reul
Nicolas Reul French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea
Matthew Martin
Matthew Martin Met Office
Dimitris Menemenlis
Dimitris Menemenlis California Institute of Technology
Duane E. Waliser
Duane E. Waliser Jet Propulsion Lab

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Furthermore, for older adults or lifelong learners interested in Earth Science, opportunities abound through open university free courses for over 60s, making it easier to study relevant topics without financial burden. These varied online pathways showcase the adaptability of Earth Science education across age groups and career goals.

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