2026 How to Become a Nurse in Vermont

by Imed Bouchrika, PhD

Co-Founder and Chief Data Scientist

Share

Becoming a nurse in Vermont means choosing a regulated healthcare career with several possible entry points, from practical nursing to registered nursing and advanced practice roles. The decision is not only about picking a school. You need to understand which credential fits your goals, whether the program is accredited or state-approved, how licensure works, what the Nurse Licensure Compact means, and how Vermont’s workforce needs may affect your opportunities after graduation.

This guide is for prospective nursing students, career changers, licensed nurses moving to Vermont, and current nurses considering advancement. It explains the education routes, license types, application steps, renewal expectations, job outlook, financing options, and common mistakes to avoid so you can choose a realistic path into Vermont nursing.

Quick Answer: How do you become a nurse in Vermont?

To become a nurse in Vermont, you generally complete a state-approved or accredited nursing program, pass the appropriate NCLEX exam, submit an application to the Vermont Board of Nursing through the Vermont Secretary of State, complete the required background check, and receive an active license before practicing. LPNs take the NCLEX-PN, while RNs take the NCLEX-RN exam. Advanced practice registered nurses need graduate education, national certification, and Vermont APRN authorization.

Key Things You Should Know About Becoming a Nurse in Vermont

• Vermont has been described as facing a significant nursing shortage, with projections indicating a need for over 1,000 additional registered nurses by 2025. That makes nursing an important workforce priority in the state.
• The average salary for registered nurses in Vermont is approximately $75,000 per year. Actual earnings can vary by location, experience, employer, shift, specialty, and degree level.
• The employment outlook for nurses in Vermont has been reported as positive, with the Bureau of Labor Statistics projecting a growth rate of 7% for registered nursing positions through 2029.
• Common education routes include Licensed Practical Nurse programs, Associate Degree in Nursing programs, Bachelor of Science in Nursing programs, graduate nursing degrees, and bridge or accelerated options for students with prior college experience.
• Vermont participates in the Nurse Licensure Compact, which can make it easier for eligible nurses with a multistate license to practice across compact states.

1. What are the steps to becoming a nurse in Vermont?
2. What are the educational requirements for becoming a nurse in Vermont?
3. What types of nurses can legally practice in Vermont?
4. What are the licensing requirements for nurses in Vermont?
5. What types of nursing licenses are available in Vermont?
6. Can a Compact nurse practice in Vermont?
7. Can you practice as a nurse without a license in Vermont?
8. What is the state of nursing in Vermont?
9. What benefits do advanced practice roles offer in Vermont?
10. What is the job outlook for nursing in Vermont?
11. What are the financing options for nursing education in Vermont?
12. How does understanding medical billing and coding benefit nursing professionals in Vermont?
13. How can I become an LVN in Vermont?
14. How can online nursing programs address Vermont’s nurse shortage?
15. What are the steps to renew a nursing license in Vermont?
16. What types of nursing programs are available in Vermont for aspiring nurses?
17. What financial aid and scholarship opportunities support nursing education in Vermont?
18. What are the best educational pathways for advancing as a nurse in Vermont?
19. How do nursing and pharmacy collaborate to improve patient outcomes in Vermont?
20. What are the continuing education and professional development opportunities for nurses in Vermont?
21. Is nurse midwifery a promising career path for nursing professionals in Vermont?

What are the steps to becoming a nurse in Vermont?

The route to nursing practice in Vermont depends on whether you want to become an LPN, RN, or advanced practice nurse. The core process is similar: choose the correct education pathway, complete clinical training, pass the required licensing exam, and apply for permission to practice before accepting nursing duties.

• Start with the right credential. An Associate Degree in Nursing usually takes two years and can lead to RN licensure. A Bachelor of Science in Nursing usually takes four years and may be preferred for leadership, public health, hospital, or graduate-school pathways.
• Check admissions requirements early. Nursing programs may require a high school diploma or equivalent, a minimum GPA of 3.0, prerequisite science courses, math preparation, entrance materials, and background or health documentation before clinical placement.
• Prepare seriously for licensure testing. After completing an accredited nursing program, RN candidates must pass the NCLEX-RN. Vermont has reported a first-time pass rate of 91.3% for nursing graduates.
• Complete the application and screening process. After passing the exam, applicants must submit licensing materials to the Vermont Board of Nursing and complete a criminal background check.
• Plan beyond first licensure. Vermont RN licenses must be renewed every two years, and nurses should confirm current renewal rules directly with the Board before each cycle.

Choosing the right first step matters. If you want to enter the workforce quickly, an LPN or ADN route may be practical. If you want long-term access to graduate school, public health, management, or advanced practice, a BSN-focused plan may reduce the need for additional bridge coursework later. Nurses considering family nurse practitioner credentials can also compare FNP C or FNP BC certification pathways as part of long-term planning.

What are the educational requirements for becoming a nurse in Vermont?

Vermont nursing education is not one-size-fits-all. The best program depends on your current education, timeline, budget, work schedule, and career target. A student who wants to provide bedside care as quickly as possible may choose a different route than a registered nurse planning to become a nurse practitioner, nurse midwife, nurse anesthetist, educator, or clinical leader.

• Associate Degree in Nursing: An ADN is often a two-year route to RN eligibility. It can be a cost-conscious option, especially for students who want to enter practice and later complete an RN-to-BSN program. Students researching flexible entry options may also compare the best online ADN programs for non nurses.
• Bachelor of Science in Nursing: A BSN is a four-year degree that can strengthen preparation in care coordination, leadership, community health, research use, and professional practice. It may be a better fit for students who already know they want graduate study or broader advancement options.
• Master of Science in Nursing: An MSN is commonly required for advanced nursing roles. Program length varies, and students comparing flexible graduate routes may want to review the fastest online MSN programs.
• DNP and PhD programs: A DNP usually emphasizes advanced clinical practice and systems improvement, while a PhD is typically research-focused. Nurses comparing doctoral options can examine easy DNP programs, while still checking accreditation, clinical placement support, and state authorization.
• Bridge and career-change routes: Students with healthcare experience or prior college credits may qualify for bridge programs. For example, those moving from medical assisting into nursing can research medical assistant to LPN online options.
• Online and hybrid study: Online coursework can help working adults manage schedules, but nursing programs still require clinical experiences. Always ask where clinicals take place, who secures placements, and whether the program meets Vermont licensure expectations.

Accreditation and state approval should come before convenience. A low-cost or fast program is not a good investment if it does not qualify you for licensure, transfer credit, graduate study, or employer requirements.

One cited study noted changes in entry-level baccalaureate nursing enrollment, with 2022 enrollment having -1.4 %. Treat enrollment data as context rather than a guarantee of program availability or admission competitiveness.

What types of nurses can legally practice in Vermont?

Vermont recognizes several nursing and nursing-support roles, each with different education requirements, examinations, supervision rules, and scopes of practice. Before enrolling in a program, make sure the role matches the type of patient care you want to provide.

• Registered Nurses: RNs provide direct care, patient education, triage, care coordination, medication administration, and clinical assessment. Vermont RN candidates usually complete an ADN or BSN and pass the NCLEX-RN.
• Licensed Practical Nurses: LPNs deliver practical nursing care under the supervision or direction required by their setting and scope. Candidates complete an approved practical nursing program and pass the NCLEX-PN.
• Advanced Practice Registered Nurses: APRNs include Nurse Practitioners, Clinical Nurse Specialists, Nurse Anesthetists, and Certified Nurse Midwives. These roles require graduate-level education and specialty certification.
• Certified Nursing Assistants: CNAs are not licensed nurses, but they are important members of the care team. They help with daily living activities, basic patient support, and observation under nursing supervision.

Institutions such as the University of Vermont and Vermont Technical College have been identified among Vermont nursing education providers. When comparing schools, verify program approval, accreditation status, NCLEX preparation, clinical partnerships, and student support before applying.

In the salary comparison chart below, RNs are reported to earn the highest salary compared with other nurse types.

What are the licensing requirements for nurses in Vermont?

Vermont nursing licensure exists to protect patients and confirm that nurses have met minimum education, examination, and professional standards. Requirements differ by license type, but the basic process includes approved education, national examination, application, fees, and background screening.

• Registered Nurse license: Candidates typically complete an Associate Degree in Nursing or Bachelor of Science in Nursing and pass the NCLEX-RN.
• Licensed Practical Nurse license: Candidates complete a practical nursing program and pass the NCLEX-PN.
• Application submission: Applicants submit licensing materials to the Vermont Board of Nursing through the Vermont Secretary of State.
• Fees: The application fee has been cited as approximately $100 for RNs and $75 for LPNs.
• Background check: Applicants complete a criminal background check, including fingerprinting, as part of the safety screening process.
• Compact status: Vermont participates in the Nurse Licensure Compact, which can allow eligible nurses to practice in multiple compact states through one multistate license.

Before paying for an exam review course, relocating, or accepting a job offer, confirm your exact application status with the Vermont Board of Nursing. A graduate nurse, out-of-state nurse, compact nurse, and internationally educated nurse may face different documentation steps.

What types of nursing licenses are available in Vermont?

The main nursing licenses in Vermont are the LPN license, RN license, and APRN authorization. Each one represents a different level of responsibility, autonomy, and educational preparation.

• Licensed Practical Nurse: LPNs typically complete about one year of practical nursing education. Their responsibilities may include vital signs, medication administration within scope, patient support, and basic nursing interventions.
• Registered Nurse: RNs complete an associate or bachelor’s nursing degree and pass the NCLEX-RN. They assess patient needs, implement care plans, educate patients, and coordinate with physicians and other healthcare professionals.
• Advanced Practice Registered Nurse: APRNs include Nurse Practitioners, Clinical Nurse Specialists, Nurse Anesthetists, and Nurse Midwives. These nurses complete advanced education and certification and may provide diagnosis, treatment, prescribing, and specialty management within Vermont rules.

The Vermont Nurse Licensure Compact, effective since February 2022, gives eligible nurses more mobility by allowing practice across participating states through a multistate license. Compact status does not remove the need to follow Vermont laws, employer policies, and scope-of-practice limits while working in Vermont.

Can a Compact nurse practice in Vermont?

Yes. Vermont joined the Nurse Licensure Compact on February 1, 2022. Eligible RNs and LPN/VNs who hold an active multistate license from another compact state may practice in Vermont without obtaining a separate single-state Vermont license, provided they meet NLC rules and maintain the proper primary state of residence.

• Nurses already licensed in Vermont can apply for a multistate license without waiting for the next renewal cycle.
• New graduates applying for initial Vermont licensure may be able to choose the multistate option if they meet eligibility requirements.
• Once a multistate license is issued, nurses may not need to keep renewing separate licenses in other NLC states, depending on their circumstances.

The compact can be especially useful for travel nurses, telehealth nurses, nurses living near state borders, and employers trying to fill staffing gaps. However, compact privileges are not unlimited. Nurses must follow the practice laws of the state where the patient is located and should verify employer, telehealth, and specialty requirements before accepting assignments.

Students who are still deciding whether healthcare is the right field can also explore top easy healthcare degree options, but nursing applicants should remember that licensure-based careers require approved education, clinical practice, and examinations.

Can you practice as a nurse without a license in Vermont?

No. You may not practice as a nurse in Vermont without the correct active license or legal authorization. Nursing is a regulated profession because errors can directly affect patient safety, medication administration, clinical judgment, and care outcomes.

To practice legally, you must complete the correct education pathway, pass the NCLEX-RN or NCLEX-PN if required for your role, apply through the Vermont Secretary of State, and wait until you are authorized to work. Using a nursing title or performing nursing duties without authorization can create legal and employment consequences.

Advanced roles also require proper authorization. Nurse Practitioners in Vermont have been reported as earning an average of $119,000 annually with less than five years of experience, while those with over 30 years in the field can earn around $134,000. These figures show the potential value of advanced practice, but they should not be treated as guaranteed earnings.

Minimum legal pathway for Vermont nursing practice

• Finish an approved or accredited nursing education program.
• Pass the required NCLEX exam for the license you are seeking.
• Submit the Vermont licensure application and complete all required screening.
• Confirm that the license or compact privilege is active before beginning work.

What is the state of nursing in Vermont?

Nursing in Vermont is shaped by three forces: workforce demand, rural healthcare access, and a regulated licensing environment. The state needs nurses in hospitals, long-term care facilities, clinics, community health organizations, outpatient settings, home health, and telehealth-supported care. For students, this creates opportunity, but it also requires careful planning because education capacity, clinical placements, housing costs, and licensing timelines can affect the path into practice.

Vermont has reported rising demand for nurses connected to an aging population and increased healthcare needs. At the same time, the state faces challenges that are common across healthcare labor markets, including retirements among experienced nurses and staffing pressure in rural and underserved communities.

For job seekers, Vermont can offer a strong community-based practice environment. Nurses may find roles in hospitals, outpatient care centers, home healthcare, specialty settings, and long-term care. Telehealth has also expanded the ways nurses communicate with patients and support care teams, although licensure rules still apply when patients are located in another state.

Cost of living is an important consideration. Vermont nurse salaries may be competitive, but housing, commuting, childcare, and regional living expenses can affect whether a job offer is financially sustainable. Before choosing a school or accepting a position, compare likely pay, benefits, shift differentials, relocation costs, and student loan obligations.

Questions to ask before choosing Vermont nursing as a career path

• Do I want the fastest route into practice, or do I want the degree that gives me the most long-term flexibility?
• Is my chosen program approved for Vermont licensure?
• Where will I complete clinical placements, and who arranges them?
• Can I afford tuition, fees, books, equipment, commuting, and unpaid clinical hours?
• Does the program support NCLEX preparation and job placement?
• Will I need a compact license, a Vermont single-state license, or advanced practice authorization?
• Does the local salary range support my cost of living and loan repayment plan?

What benefits do advanced practice roles offer in Vermont?

Advanced practice nursing can give Vermont nurses greater clinical responsibility, broader autonomy, stronger specialty focus, and higher earning potential. APRNs can be especially important in rural or underserved communities where access to primary care, women’s health, mental health, anesthesia, and specialty services may be limited.

Advanced roles are not the right next step for every nurse. They require graduate education, national certification, clinical hours, tuition investment, and a clear understanding of scope-of-practice rules. Nurses interested in adult and older-adult primary care can compare accredited online AGNP programs as one possible route, especially if they need flexible coursework while continuing to work.

What is the job outlook for nursing in Vermont?

The job outlook for nursing in Vermont has been described as strong, with healthcare employers needing qualified nurses across hospitals, rural clinics, outpatient care, long-term care, home health, and specialty services. According to the Vermont Department of Labor, employment of registered nurses is projected to grow by approximately 10% over the next decade.

Compensation depends heavily on role, region, employer, experience, credentials, and specialty. Registered nurses in Vermont have been reported to earn around $75,000 on average annually. Burlington-South Burlington has been cited as offering averages reaching up to $80,000 annually, while Rutland has also been described as a competitive market for nursing wages.

• Higher-paying nursing roles: Nurse anesthetists and nurse practitioners are often reported above $100,000 per year.
• Mid-range RN opportunities: Hospitals, specialty settings, outpatient centers, and home health roles may vary by shift, acuity, and location.
• Lower average nursing wages: Licensed practical nurses have been reported around $50,000 annually.

These figures are useful for planning, but they are not promises. Before enrolling in a program, compare expected debt against realistic entry-level wages, local cost of living, and the amount of time it will take to reach your preferred role.

What are the financing options for nursing education in Vermont?

Financing can determine whether a nursing pathway is realistic. Tuition is only one part of the cost. Students should also budget for fees, books, uniforms, background checks, immunizations, testing fees, transportation, childcare, lost work hours during clinicals, and licensing expenses.

Vermont students may find support through institutional scholarships, state or local grants, employer tuition assistance, healthcare workforce programs, federal student aid, and loan forgiveness opportunities tied to service commitments. Graduate nurses comparing flexible options may also research nurse practitioner online programs, while confirming that any accelerated format still provides appropriate clinical preparation.

How does understanding medical billing and coding benefit nursing professionals in Vermont?

Nurses do not need to become billing specialists to provide excellent care, but understanding documentation, coding basics, and reimbursement workflows can improve communication with administrative teams and reduce avoidable documentation errors. This knowledge is especially useful for nurses in outpatient care, case management, quality improvement, utilization review, informatics, and leadership roles.

Medical billing and coding knowledge can help nurses understand why accurate charting matters, how care is translated into claims, and how incomplete documentation can affect compliance and payment. Nurses interested in administrative healthcare skills can review how to become a medical biller and coder in Vermont.

How can I become an LVN in Vermont?

Vermont commonly uses the term Licensed Practical Nurse rather than Licensed Vocational Nurse, but the LVN and LPN role is similar in many discussions. To pursue this route in Vermont, choose a state-approved practical nursing program, complete required coursework and clinical training, pass the NCLEX-PN, and apply for Vermont licensure.

This path can be a practical choice if you want to enter nursing sooner and gain bedside experience before deciding whether to continue to RN education. It may be less ideal if your long-term goal is independent advanced practice, because you will still need additional nursing education later. For a dedicated step-by-step guide, see how to become an LVN in Vermont.

How can online nursing programs address Vermont’s nurse shortage?

Online and hybrid nursing programs can help Vermont reach more students, especially working adults, rural residents, parents, and career changers who cannot relocate for a traditional campus schedule. Online coursework may reduce commuting barriers and make prerequisite, RN-to-BSN, MSN, and some bridge programs more accessible.

However, online nursing education is not fully remote. Licensure-track programs still require clinical learning, skills labs, simulations, and supervised patient care experiences. Before enrolling, ask whether the school places students in Vermont clinical sites, whether the program is authorized for Vermont students, and whether graduates are eligible for the intended license or certification. Students comparing options can start with the best online nursing programs in Vermont.

What are the steps to renew a nursing license in Vermont?

Nursing license renewal protects your ability to keep working without interruption. Vermont RNs are required to renew their licenses every two years, and nurses should confirm current practice, documentation, and application rules directly with the Vermont Board of Nursing before each renewal period.

1. Check your license expiration date and renewal window.
2. Review current Vermont Board of Nursing renewal requirements for your license type.
3. Document any required practice hours, continuing competency information, or other renewal materials.
4. Submit the renewal application and pay applicable fees before the deadline.
5. Save confirmation of renewal for your employer and personal records.

Do not rely on memory or advice from coworkers, because renewal rules can change. For a focused overview, review the requirements for nursing licensure in Vermont.

What types of nursing programs are available in Vermont for aspiring nurses?

Aspiring nurses in Vermont can choose from entry-level, bridge, bachelor’s, graduate, and specialty nursing programs. The right choice depends on your starting point and career goal.

• CNA training: A short healthcare entry route for students who want patient care exposure before committing to nursing school.
• LPN programs: Practical nursing preparation for students who want a shorter path into supervised nursing care. Students can compare online LPN programs in Vermont when researching flexible options.
• ADN programs: Associate-level RN preparation that may reduce time in school compared with a traditional BSN.
• BSN programs: Bachelor’s-level RN preparation that can support broader advancement and graduate study.
• RN-to-BSN programs: Designed for licensed RNs who want to complete a bachelor’s degree.
• MSN, DNP, and certificate programs: Graduate options for advanced practice, leadership, education, informatics, and specialty roles.

Program labels can be confusing, so verify the outcome. A program should clearly state whether it prepares you for CNA certification, LPN licensure, RN licensure, APRN certification, or professional advancement after licensure.

What financial aid and scholarship opportunities support nursing education in Vermont?

Nursing students in Vermont should build a funding plan before enrolling, not after the first tuition bill arrives. Start with the FAFSA, then review school-based nursing scholarships, state funding opportunities, healthcare employer programs, workforce incentives, and service-based loan repayment options.

Students should also compare total program cost against the role they are pursuing. A lower-cost LPN program may be a strong starting point for some students, while others may find that a BSN or direct-entry graduate plan better matches long-term goals. If you are exploring specialty practice in maternal and reproductive health, review how to become a nurse midwife in Vermont only if the pathway and destination align with your actual goal, since LPN and nurse midwife routes are very different.

What are the best educational pathways for advancing as a nurse in Vermont?

Career advancement in Vermont nursing usually requires matching your next credential to the role you want, not simply choosing the highest degree available. An RN who wants hospital leadership may need a BSN or MSN in leadership. A nurse who wants to diagnose and treat patients may need a nurse practitioner program. A nurse interested in teaching may need graduate education and academic experience.

Nurse Practitioner programs are a common advancement route for nurses who want greater clinical responsibility. Vermont’s rural and underserved communities can benefit from advanced practice nurses, particularly in primary care, family practice, adult-gerontology, mental health, and women’s health. To compare state-specific options, review the best NP programs in Vermont.

How do nursing and pharmacy collaborate to improve patient outcomes in Vermont?

Nurses and pharmacists work together to improve medication safety, patient education, chronic disease management, discharge planning, and care coordination. This collaboration is especially valuable when patients take multiple medications, transition between care settings, or need counseling on side effects, interactions, and adherence.

Nurses often identify medication concerns at the bedside or during follow-up visits, while pharmacists provide deeper drug therapy expertise. Together, they can reduce avoidable errors, improve documentation, and support safer treatment plans. Readers interested in a related healthcare profession can explore how to become a pharmacist in Vermont.

What are the continuing education and professional development opportunities for nurses in Vermont?

Professional development helps Vermont nurses stay current with changing practice standards, technology, patient safety expectations, and specialty care needs. Even when a renewal cycle emphasizes active practice, nurses benefit from ongoing learning in areas such as pharmacology, wound care, geriatrics, behavioral health, telehealth, leadership, informatics, and quality improvement.

• Employer-based training and competency programs
• Specialty certifications for experienced nurses
• Workshops, simulation labs, and clinical skills refreshers
• Academic bridge programs such as RN-to-BSN or MSN pathways
• Leadership, preceptor, educator, or quality improvement training

Nurses planning an advanced clinical path should align continuing education with future admission requirements. For example, those targeting advanced practice can review nurse practitioner education requirements in Vermont before choosing electives, certifications, or specialty experience.

Is nurse midwifery a promising career path for nursing professionals in Vermont?

Nurse midwifery can be a strong option for nurses who want to specialize in pregnancy, birth, postpartum care, reproductive health, and patient education. The role requires advanced nursing education, national certification, and compliance with Vermont practice requirements.

This pathway may appeal to nurses who want a relationship-centered specialty and are comfortable with high-responsibility clinical decision-making. Before pursuing it, compare program accreditation, clinical placement access, birth experience requirements, certification eligibility, and Vermont authorization rules. For a complete career roadmap, see how to become a nurse midwife in Vermont.

Common mistakes to avoid when becoming a nurse in Vermont

What do nurses say about becoming a nurse in Vermont?

• Working as a nurse in Vermont has allowed me to know patients as neighbors, not just appointments. The community setting makes the relationships feel personal, and strong teamwork helps make demanding shifts manageable. The ability to enjoy Vermont’s landscape outside of work also supports balance. Cathy
• I was drawn to Vermont nursing because collaboration matters here. Healthcare teams often know the communities they serve, and that makes the work feel meaningful. After difficult shifts, the outdoor access and slower pace help me reset. David
• Vermont’s patient-centered approach fits the way I want to practice. I value being able to look beyond a diagnosis and consider the whole person. Support from other healthcare professionals has helped me grow and stay engaged in the profession. Lani

Key Insights

• Vermont nursing requires proper education, examination, application, and licensure. You cannot practice first and fix licensing later.
• The best entry route depends on your goal: LPN for a shorter supervised-care pathway, ADN for RN entry, BSN for broader long-term mobility, and graduate education for advanced practice.
• Vermont’s Nurse Licensure Compact participation can help eligible RNs and LPNs practice across compact states, but nurses must still follow state practice laws.
• Reported Vermont RN salaries average around $75,000, with some areas such as Burlington-South Burlington cited up to $80,000 annually. Use salary figures for planning, not as guarantees.
• Before enrolling, confirm program approval, accreditation, clinical placement support, NCLEX preparation, total cost, and whether the program meets Vermont licensure requirements.
• Advanced practice roles can increase autonomy and earning potential, but they require graduate education, certification, and careful review of scope and clinical placement requirements.
• A smart nursing plan includes both career fit and financial fit: compare program costs, available aid, expected wages, living expenses, and the time needed to reach your preferred role.

References:

• nursejournal.org. (23 November 2022). The Top Nursing Schools in Vermont. Retrieved from nursejournal.org.
• nursinglicensemap.com. (30 March 2020). Become a Nurse in Vermont – Licensure & Requirements. Retrieved from nursinglicensemap.com.
• sos.vermont.gov. (07 June 2021). Nurse Licensure Compact. Retrieved from sos.vermont.gov.
• ncsbn.org. (28 January 2022). Vermont Implements the Nurse Licensure Compact (NLC). Retrieved from ncsbn.org.

• Snapp, B., Moore, T., Wallman, C., & Staebler, S. (2021). 2020 Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Workforce Survey. Advances in Neonatal Care, 21, 242 - 246. Retrieved from LWW Journals.