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D-Index & Metrics

Discipline name D-Index World Ranking Current World Ranking National Ranking Current National Ranking Publications Citations
Biology and Biochemistry 70 7135 6577 3274 2938 150 14702

Stephen S. Leonard publications per year

The chart shows the history of publications by Stephen S. Leonard between 1994 and 2025, highlighting the no. of papers published in each year and offering an overview of the publication velocity of this scholar. Stephen S. Leonard published across 32 years, from 1994 to 2025, averaging 5.3 papers a year. Output peaked at 13 publications in 2001. 4 of the 168 publications appeared in the last two years.

No. of publications
5 10
Bar chart. Horizontal axis: year, 1994 to 2025. Vertical axis: number of publications, 0 to 13. Peak 13 publications in 2001. 1994: 1 publication 1995: 2 publications 1996: 0 publications 1997: 3 publications 1998: 4 publications 1999: 10 publications 2000: 10 publications 2001: 13 publications 2002: 10 publications 2003: 9 publications 2004: 11 publications 2005: 3 publications 2006: 10 publications 2007: 6 publications 2008: 2 publications 2009: 8 publications 2010: 9 publications 2011: 6 publications 2012: 5 publications 2013: 3 publications 2014: 9 publications 2015: 7 publications 2016: 4 publications 2017: 2 publications 2018: 2 publications 2019: 1 publication 2020: 7 publications 2021: 3 publications 2022: 3 publications 2023: 1 publication 2024: 2 publications 2025: 2 publications
1994 2025

168 publications in total across all disciplines

View publications per year as a table
Stephen S. Leonard: publications per year, 1994 to 2025
Year Publications
1994 1
1995 2
1996 0
1997 3
1998 4
1999 10
2000 10
2001 13
2002 10
2003 9
2004 11
2005 3
2006 10
2007 6
2008 2
2009 8
2010 9
2011 6
2012 5
2013 3
2014 9
2015 7
2016 4
2017 2
2018 2
2019 1
2020 7
2021 3
2022 3
2023 1
2024 2
2025 2
Total 168
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Stephen S. Leonard publication distribution in Biology and Biochemistry in 2026

The chart shows the distribution of publications by all Research.com ranked scientists in the field of Biology and Biochemistry in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where Stephen S. Leonard sits on this spectrum.

No. of scientists
200 400 600 800
Bar chart with 100 bars. Horizontal axis: publications, 47–56 to 1,028+. Vertical axis: number of scientists, 0 to 980. Most scientists, 980, have 127–136 publications. The last bar groups every scientist with 1,028 publications or more. The highlighted bar, 147–156 publications, is where this scientist sits. 47–56 publications: 8 scientists 57–66 publications: 35 scientists 67–76 publications: 106 scientists 77–86 publications: 231 scientists 87–96 publications: 413 scientists 97–106 publications: 546 scientists 107–116 publications: 704 scientists 117–126 publications: 848 scientists 127–136 publications: 980 scientists 137–146 publications: 942 scientists 147–156 publications: 969 scientists 157–166 publications: 949 scientists 167–176 publications: 951 scientists 177–186 publications: 915 scientists 187–196 publications: 787 scientists 197–206 publications: 840 scientists 207–216 publications: 733 scientists 217–226 publications: 708 scientists 227–236 publications: 651 scientists 237–246 publications: 605 scientists 247–256 publications: 510 scientists 257–266 publications: 524 scientists 267–276 publications: 434 scientists 277–286 publications: 417 scientists 287–296 publications: 350 scientists 297–306 publications: 363 scientists 307–316 publications: 315 scientists 317–326 publications: 296 scientists 327–336 publications: 261 scientists 337–346 publications: 240 scientists 347–356 publications: 219 scientists 357–366 publications: 196 scientists 367–376 publications: 154 scientists 377–386 publications: 161 scientists 387–396 publications: 155 scientists 397–406 publications: 145 scientists 407–416 publications: 124 scientists 417–426 publications: 112 scientists 427–436 publications: 132 scientists 437–446 publications: 116 scientists 447–456 publications: 99 scientists 457–466 publications: 81 scientists 467–476 publications: 91 scientists 477–486 publications: 80 scientists 487–496 publications: 80 scientists 497–506 publications: 59 scientists 507–516 publications: 36 scientists 517–526 publications: 46 scientists 527–536 publications: 54 scientists 537–546 publications: 44 scientists 547–556 publications: 43 scientists 557–566 publications: 43 scientists 567–576 publications: 42 scientists 577–586 publications: 25 scientists 587–596 publications: 34 scientists 597–606 publications: 23 scientists 607–616 publications: 33 scientists 617–626 publications: 31 scientists 627–636 publications: 27 scientists 637–646 publications: 25 scientists 647–656 publications: 28 scientists 657–666 publications: 34 scientists 667–676 publications: 18 scientists 677–686 publications: 16 scientists 687–696 publications: 10 scientists 697–706 publications: 12 scientists 707–716 publications: 21 scientists 717–726 publications: 12 scientists 727–736 publications: 12 scientists 737–746 publications: 10 scientists 747–756 publications: 7 scientists 757–766 publications: 13 scientists 767–776 publications: 15 scientists 777–786 publications: 13 scientists 787–796 publications: 9 scientists 797–806 publications: 9 scientists 807–816 publications: 7 scientists 817–826 publications: 4 scientists 827–836 publications: 9 scientists 837–846 publications: 7 scientists 847–856 publications: 3 scientists 857–866 publications: 5 scientists 867–876 publications: 5 scientists 877–886 publications: 11 scientists 887–896 publications: 3 scientists 897–906 publications: 4 scientists 907–916 publications: 7 scientists 917–926 publications: 5 scientists 927–936 publications: 6 scientists 937–946 publications: 6 scientists 947–956 publications: 3 scientists 957–966 publications: 7 scientists 967–976 publications: 2 scientists 977–986 publications: 2 scientists 987–996 publications: 1 scientist 997–1,006 publications: 5 scientists 1,007–1,016 publications: 2 scientists 1,017–1,026 publications: 2 scientists 1,027 publications: 1 scientist 1,028+ publications: 100 scientists
47–56 publications 1,028+

This scientist: 150 publications — 27th percentile

27% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 1,028 publications or more.

View publications distribution as a table
Number of Biology and Biochemistry scientists by publication count, Research.com 2026 ranking edition. Based on 19,587 ranked scientists.
Publications Scientists This scientist
47–56 8
57–66 35
67–76 106
77–86 231
87–96 413
97–106 546
107–116 704
117–126 848
127–136 980
137–146 942
147–156 969 150
157–166 949
167–176 951
177–186 915
187–196 787
197–206 840
207–216 733
217–226 708
227–236 651
237–246 605
247–256 510
257–266 524
267–276 434
277–286 417
287–296 350
297–306 363
307–316 315
317–326 296
327–336 261
337–346 240
347–356 219
357–366 196
367–376 154
377–386 161
387–396 155
397–406 145
407–416 124
417–426 112
427–436 132
437–446 116
447–456 99
457–466 81
467–476 91
477–486 80
487–496 80
497–506 59
507–516 36
517–526 46
527–536 54
537–546 44
547–556 43
557–566 43
567–576 42
577–586 25
587–596 34
597–606 23
607–616 33
617–626 31
627–636 27
637–646 25
647–656 28
657–666 34
667–676 18
677–686 16
687–696 10
697–706 12
707–716 21
717–726 12
727–736 12
737–746 10
747–756 7
757–766 13
767–776 15
777–786 13
787–796 9
797–806 9
807–816 7
817–826 4
827–836 9
837–846 7
847–856 3
857–866 5
867–876 5
877–886 11
887–896 3
897–906 4
907–916 7
917–926 5
927–936 6
937–946 6
947–956 3
957–966 7
967–976 2
977–986 2
987–996 1
997–1,006 5
1,007–1,016 2
1,017–1,026 2
1,027 1
1,028+ 100
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Stephen S. Leonard D-index placement in Biology and Biochemistry in 2026

The chart shows the D-index (discipline H-index) distribution of Biology and Biochemistry scientists ranked by Research.com in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where Stephen S. Leonard sits on this spectrum.

No. of scientists
250 500 750 1,000 1,250
Bar chart with 65 bars. Horizontal axis: D-Index, 40–41 to 167+. Vertical axis: number of scientists, 0 to 1,253. Most scientists, 1,253, have 58–59 D-Index. The last bar groups every scientist with 167 D-Index or more. The highlighted bar, 70–71 D-Index, is where this scientist sits. 40–41 D-Index: 80 scientists 42–43 D-Index: 183 scientists 44–45 D-Index: 316 scientists 46–47 D-Index: 504 scientists 48–49 D-Index: 718 scientists 50–51 D-Index: 899 scientists 52–53 D-Index: 1,025 scientists 54–55 D-Index: 1,149 scientists 56–57 D-Index: 1,235 scientists 58–59 D-Index: 1,253 scientists 60–61 D-Index: 1,162 scientists 62–63 D-Index: 1,130 scientists 64–65 D-Index: 1,031 scientists 66–67 D-Index: 897 scientists 68–69 D-Index: 814 scientists 70–71 D-Index: 714 scientists 72–73 D-Index: 709 scientists 74–75 D-Index: 596 scientists 76–77 D-Index: 512 scientists 78–79 D-Index: 473 scientists 80–81 D-Index: 412 scientists 82–83 D-Index: 373 scientists 84–85 D-Index: 358 scientists 86–87 D-Index: 285 scientists 88–89 D-Index: 273 scientists 90–91 D-Index: 227 scientists 92–93 D-Index: 208 scientists 94–95 D-Index: 193 scientists 96–97 D-Index: 153 scientists 98–99 D-Index: 157 scientists 100–101 D-Index: 148 scientists 102–103 D-Index: 120 scientists 104–105 D-Index: 113 scientists 106–107 D-Index: 100 scientists 108–109 D-Index: 86 scientists 110–111 D-Index: 67 scientists 112–113 D-Index: 71 scientists 114–115 D-Index: 73 scientists 116–117 D-Index: 64 scientists 118–119 D-Index: 53 scientists 120–121 D-Index: 60 scientists 122–123 D-Index: 54 scientists 124–125 D-Index: 43 scientists 126–127 D-Index: 38 scientists 128–129 D-Index: 49 scientists 130–131 D-Index: 26 scientists 132–133 D-Index: 18 scientists 134–135 D-Index: 23 scientists 136–137 D-Index: 32 scientists 138–139 D-Index: 32 scientists 140–141 D-Index: 27 scientists 142–143 D-Index: 19 scientists 144–145 D-Index: 22 scientists 146–147 D-Index: 12 scientists 148–149 D-Index: 16 scientists 150–151 D-Index: 14 scientists 152–153 D-Index: 10 scientists 154–155 D-Index: 13 scientists 156–157 D-Index: 10 scientists 158–159 D-Index: 7 scientists 160–161 D-Index: 9 scientists 162–163 D-Index: 13 scientists 164–165 D-Index: 4 scientists 166 D-Index: 4 scientists 167+ D-Index: 98 scientists
40–41 D-Index 167+

This scientist: 70 D-Index — 65th percentile

65% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 167 D-Index or more.

View D-Index distribution as a table
Number of Biology and Biochemistry scientists by D-index, Research.com 2026 ranking edition. Based on 19,587 ranked scientists.
D-Index Scientists This scientist
40–41 80
42–43 183
44–45 316
46–47 504
48–49 718
50–51 899
52–53 1,025
54–55 1,149
56–57 1,235
58–59 1,253
60–61 1,162
62–63 1,130
64–65 1,031
66–67 897
68–69 814
70–71 714 70
72–73 709
74–75 596
76–77 512
78–79 473
80–81 412
82–83 373
84–85 358
86–87 285
88–89 273
90–91 227
92–93 208
94–95 193
96–97 153
98–99 157
100–101 148
102–103 120
104–105 113
106–107 100
108–109 86
110–111 67
112–113 71
114–115 73
116–117 64
118–119 53
120–121 60
122–123 54
124–125 43
126–127 38
128–129 49
130–131 26
132–133 18
134–135 23
136–137 32
138–139 32
140–141 27
142–143 19
144–145 22
146–147 12
148–149 16
150–151 14
152–153 10
154–155 13
156–157 10
158–159 7
160–161 9
162–163 13
164–165 4
166 4
167+ 98
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Overview

Stephen S. Leonard is affiliated with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in the United States. Their research spans multiple fields, including medicine, environmental science, and materials science. Within these broader areas, their work focuses on health, toxicology and mutagenesis, materials chemistry, pulmonary and respiratory medicine, epidemiology, and physiology.

The main topics addressed in their research involve air quality and health impacts, burn injury management and outcomes, nanoparticles synthesis and applications, occupational and environmental lung diseases, smoking behavior and cessation, indoor air quality and microbial exposure, as well as boron and carbon nanomaterials research.

Their recent publications include these papers:

  • "Toxicology of flavoring- and cannabis-containing e-liquids used in electronic delivery systems", 2021, Pharmacology & Therapeutics
  • "Effects of E-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals on Human Macrophages and Bronchial Epithelial Cells", 2021, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • "Toxicity evaluation following pulmonary exposure to an as-manufactured dispersed boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) material in vivo", 2020, NanoImpact
  • "ROS generation is involved in titanium dioxide nanoparticle-induced AP-1 activation through p38 MAPK and ERK pathways in JB6 cells", 2021, Environmental Toxicology
  • "Biological effects of inhaled hydraulic fracturing sand dust. III. Cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory responses in cultured murine macrophage cells", 2020, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

Frequent co-authors of Stephen S. Leonard include:

  • Sherri Friend
  • Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
  • Vamsi Kodali
  • Walter McKinney
  • Michael L. Kashon

Publication venues where Leonard has contributed multiple works include:

  • Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
  • The FASEB Journal
  • Pharmacology & Therapeutics
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • NanoImpact

Best Publications

  • Resveratrol scavenges reactive oxygen species and effects radical-induced cellular responses.

    Stephen S Leonard;Chang Xia;Bin-Hua Jiang;Beth Stinefelt

  • Metal-induced oxidative stress and signal transduction.

    Stephen S. Leonard;Gabriel K. Harris;Xianglin Shi

  • Cadmium inhibits the electron transfer chain and induces reactive oxygen species.

    Yudong Wang;Jing Fang;Stephen S Leonard;K.Murali Krishna Rao

  • Mouse pulmonary dose- and time course-responses induced by exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

    Dale W Porter;Ann F Hubbs;Robert R Mercer;Robert R Mercer;Nianqiang Wu

  • Cardiovascular effects of pulmonary exposure to single-wall carbon nanotubes.

    Zheng Li;Tracy Hulderman;Rebecca Salmen;Rebecca Chapman

  • Raw Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Induce Oxidative Stress and Activate MAPKs, AP-1, NF-κB, and Akt in Normal and Malignant Human Mesothelial Cells

    Maricica Pacurari;Xuejun J. Yin;Jinshun Zhao;Ming Ding

  • Oxidative stress and inflammatory response in dermal toxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes

    A.R. Murray;E. Kisin;S.S. Leonard;S.H. Young

  • Role of reactive oxygen species and p53 in chromium(VI)-induced apoptosis.

    Jianping Ye;Suwei Wang;Suwei Wang;Stephen S. Leonard;Stephen S. Leonard;Yi Sun

  • Concept of assessing nanoparticle hazards considering nanoparticle dosemetric and chemical/biological response metrics.

    Erik K. Rushton;Jingkun Jiang;Stephen S. Leonard;Shirley Eberly

  • S-Nitrosylation of Bcl-2 Inhibits Its Ubiquitin-Proteasomal Degradation: A NOVEL ANTIAPOPTOTIC MECHANISM THAT SUPPRESSES APOPTOSIS *

    Neelam Azad;Val Vallyathan;Liying Wang;Vimon Tantishaiyakul

  • Vanadate-induced Expression of Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1α and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor through Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Pathway and Reactive Oxygen Species

    Ning Gao;Min Ding;Jenny Z. Zheng;Zhuo Zhang

  • Freshly fractured quartz inhalation leads to enhanced lung injury and inflammation. Potential role of free radicals.

    V Vallyathan;V Castranova;D Pack;S Leonard

  • Acute pulmonary dose-responses to inhaled multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

    Dale W. Porter;Ann F. Hubbs;Bean T. Chen;Walter McKinney

  • Cobalt-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species and its possible mechanism

    Stephen Leonard;Peter M. Gannett;Yon Rojanasakul;Diane Schwegler-Berry

  • Luteolin and Chrysin Differentially Inhibit Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression and Scavenge Reactive Oxygen Species but Similarly Inhibit Prostaglandin-E2 Formation in RAW 264.7 Cells

    Gabriel K. Harris;Yong Qian;Stephen S. Leonard;Deborah C. Sbarra

  • Vanadate induces p53 transactivation through hydrogen peroxide and causes apoptosis

    Chuanshu Huang;Zhuo Zhang;Min Ding;Jingxia Li

  • Antioxidant properties of aspirin: Characterization of the ability of aspirin to inhibit silica-induced lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, NF-κB activation, and TNF-α production

    Xianglin Shi;Min Ding;Zigang Dong;Fei Chen

  • p38 Signaling-mediated Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1α and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Induction by Cr(VI) in DU145 Human Prostate Carcinoma Cells

    Ning Gao;Bing-Hua Jiang;Stephen S. Leonard;Linda Corum

  • Vanadate-induced cell growth regulation and the role of reactive oxygen species.

    Zhuo Zhang;Chuanshu Huang;Jingxia Li;Stephen S. Leonard

  • Diabetic cardiomyopathy-associated dysfunction in spatially distinct mitochondrial subpopulations.

    Erinne R. Dabkowski;Courtney L. Williamson;Valerie C. Bukowski;Rebecca S. Chapman

Frequent Co-Authors

Xianglin Shi
Xianglin Shi University of Kentucky
Vincent Castranova
Vincent Castranova West Virginia University
Val Vallyathan
Val Vallyathan National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Vince Castranova
Vince Castranova West Virginia University
Min Ding
Min Ding National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Zhuo Zhang
Zhuo Zhang University of Kentucky
Jianping Ye
Jianping Ye Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Chuanshu Huang
Chuanshu Huang New York University
Fei Chen
Fei Chen Stony Brook University
Liying Wang
Liying Wang National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

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