World's Best Scientists 2026 revealed!
VIEW LIST
JoAnne S. Richards

D-Index & Metrics

Biology and Biochemistry

D-Index
105
Citations
33446
World Ranking
1220
National Ranking
721

Medicine

D-Index
105
Citations
33575
World Ranking
6850
National Ranking
3615

JoAnne S. Richards publication distribution in Biology and Biochemistry in 2026

The chart shows the distribution of publications by all Research.com ranked scientists in the field of Biology and Biochemistry in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where JoAnne S. Richards sits on this spectrum.

47–56 publications: 8 scientists 57–66 publications: 35 scientists 67–76 publications: 106 scientists 77–86 publications: 231 scientists 87–96 publications: 414 scientists 97–106 publications: 546 scientists 107–116 publications: 704 scientists 117–126 publications: 849 scientists 127–136 publications: 980 scientists 137–146 publications: 942 scientists 147–156 publications: 969 scientists 157–166 publications: 950 scientists 167–176 publications: 951 scientists 177–186 publications: 915 scientists 187–196 publications: 787 scientists 197–206 publications: 841 scientists 207–216 publications: 735 scientists 217–226 publications: 709 scientists 227–236 publications: 651 scientists 237–246 publications: 605 scientists 247–256 publications: 510 scientists 257–266 publications: 524 scientists 267–276 publications: 434 scientists 277–286 publications: 418 scientists 287–296 publications: 350 scientists 297–306 publications: 363 scientists 307–316 publications: 315 scientists 317–326 publications: 296 scientists 327–336 publications: 261 scientists 337–346 publications: 240 scientists 347–356 publications: 219 scientists 357–366 publications: 197 scientists 367–376 publications: 154 scientists 377–386 publications: 161 scientists 387–396 publications: 155 scientists 397–406 publications: 145 scientists 407–416 publications: 124 scientists 417–426 publications: 112 scientists 427–436 publications: 132 scientists 437–446 publications: 116 scientists 447–456 publications: 99 scientists 457–466 publications: 81 scientists 467–476 publications: 91 scientists 477–486 publications: 80 scientists 487–496 publications: 80 scientists 497–506 publications: 60 scientists 507–516 publications: 36 scientists 517–526 publications: 46 scientists 527–536 publications: 54 scientists 537–546 publications: 44 scientists 547–556 publications: 43 scientists 557–566 publications: 43 scientists 567–576 publications: 42 scientists 577–586 publications: 25 scientists 587–596 publications: 34 scientists 597–606 publications: 23 scientists 607–616 publications: 33 scientists 617–626 publications: 31 scientists 627–636 publications: 27 scientists 637–646 publications: 25 scientists 647–656 publications: 28 scientists 657–666 publications: 34 scientists 667–676 publications: 18 scientists 677–686 publications: 16 scientists 687–696 publications: 10 scientists 697–706 publications: 12 scientists 707–716 publications: 21 scientists 717–726 publications: 12 scientists 727–736 publications: 12 scientists 737–746 publications: 10 scientists 747–756 publications: 7 scientists 757–766 publications: 13 scientists 767–776 publications: 15 scientists 777–786 publications: 13 scientists 787–796 publications: 9 scientists 797–806 publications: 9 scientists 807–816 publications: 7 scientists 817–826 publications: 4 scientists 827–836 publications: 9 scientists 837–846 publications: 7 scientists 847–856 publications: 3 scientists 857–866 publications: 5 scientists 867–876 publications: 5 scientists 877–886 publications: 11 scientists 887–896 publications: 3 scientists 897–906 publications: 4 scientists 907–916 publications: 7 scientists 917–926 publications: 5 scientists 927–936 publications: 6 scientists 937–946 publications: 6 scientists 947–956 publications: 3 scientists 957–966 publications: 7 scientists 967–976 publications: 2 scientists 977–986 publications: 2 scientists 987–996 publications: 1 scientists 997–1,006 publications: 5 scientists 1,007–1,016 publications: 2 scientists 1,017–1,026 publications: 2 scientists 1,027 publications: 1 scientists 1,028+ publications: 100 scientists
47 publications 1,028+

This scientist: 273 publications — 73rd percentile

73% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 1,028 publications or more.

JoAnne S. Richards D-index placement in Biology and Biochemistry in 2026

The chart shows the D-index (discipline H-index) distribution of Biology and Biochemistry scientists ranked by Research.com in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where JoAnne S. Richards sits on this spectrum.

40–41 D-Index: 80 scientists 42–43 D-Index: 183 scientists 44–45 D-Index: 317 scientists 46–47 D-Index: 504 scientists 48–49 D-Index: 718 scientists 50–51 D-Index: 900 scientists 52–53 D-Index: 1,026 scientists 54–55 D-Index: 1,150 scientists 56–57 D-Index: 1,236 scientists 58–59 D-Index: 1,253 scientists 60–61 D-Index: 1,163 scientists 62–63 D-Index: 1,131 scientists 64–65 D-Index: 1,032 scientists 66–67 D-Index: 897 scientists 68–69 D-Index: 814 scientists 70–71 D-Index: 715 scientists 72–73 D-Index: 709 scientists 74–75 D-Index: 596 scientists 76–77 D-Index: 512 scientists 78–79 D-Index: 473 scientists 80–81 D-Index: 412 scientists 82–83 D-Index: 373 scientists 84–85 D-Index: 358 scientists 86–87 D-Index: 285 scientists 88–89 D-Index: 273 scientists 90–91 D-Index: 227 scientists 92–93 D-Index: 208 scientists 94–95 D-Index: 193 scientists 96–97 D-Index: 153 scientists 98–99 D-Index: 157 scientists 100–101 D-Index: 148 scientists 102–103 D-Index: 120 scientists 104–105 D-Index: 113 scientists 106–107 D-Index: 100 scientists 108–109 D-Index: 86 scientists 110–111 D-Index: 67 scientists 112–113 D-Index: 72 scientists 114–115 D-Index: 73 scientists 116–117 D-Index: 64 scientists 118–119 D-Index: 53 scientists 120–121 D-Index: 60 scientists 122–123 D-Index: 54 scientists 124–125 D-Index: 43 scientists 126–127 D-Index: 38 scientists 128–129 D-Index: 49 scientists 130–131 D-Index: 26 scientists 132–133 D-Index: 18 scientists 134–135 D-Index: 23 scientists 136–137 D-Index: 32 scientists 138–139 D-Index: 32 scientists 140–141 D-Index: 27 scientists 142–143 D-Index: 19 scientists 144–145 D-Index: 22 scientists 146–147 D-Index: 12 scientists 148–149 D-Index: 16 scientists 150–151 D-Index: 14 scientists 152–153 D-Index: 10 scientists 154–155 D-Index: 13 scientists 156–157 D-Index: 10 scientists 158–159 D-Index: 7 scientists 160–161 D-Index: 9 scientists 162–163 D-Index: 13 scientists 164–165 D-Index: 4 scientists 166 D-Index: 4 scientists 167+ D-Index: 98 scientists
40 D-Index 167+

This scientist: 105 D-Index — 94th percentile

94% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 167 D-Index or more.

Research.com Recognitions

  • 1994 - Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Overview

JoAnne S. Richards is affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine in the United States and conducts research primarily in the field of Medicine. Their work emphasizes subfields including Reproductive Medicine, Cell Biology, Oncology, Molecular Biology, and Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health.

The research topics most frequently addressed by JoAnne S. Richards cover aspects of ovarian cancer diagnosis and treatment, microtubule and mitosis dynamics, reproductive biology and fertility, cancer mechanisms and therapy, cancer-related molecular pathways, epigenetics and DNA methylation, as well as birth, development, and health.

Recent publications authored or co-authored by JoAnne S. Richards include:

  • Polyploid giant cancer cells and ovarian cancer: new insights into mitotic regulators and polyploidy, 2021, Biology of Reproduction
  • Large-scale DNA demethylation occurs in proliferating ovarian granulosa cells during mouse follicular development, 2021, Communications Biology
  • Enhanced recovery after cesarean: impact on postoperative opioid use and length of stay, 2020, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Targeted deletion of NR2F2 and VCAM1 in theca cells impacts ovarian follicular development: insights into polycystic ovary syndrome?, 2024, Biology of Reproduction
  • Abstract A24: New mouse models with KRASG12D or KRASG12V mutation in Amhr2-Cre mice develop different gynecologic tumors, 2020, Molecular Cancer Research

Frequent collaborators in their research include:

  • Nicholes R. Candelaria
  • Rainer B. Lanz
  • Tomoko Kawai
  • Masayuki Shimada
  • C. Andrew Combs

JoAnne S. Richards has contributed multiple articles to several scientific journals. The most frequent publication venues are:

  • Biology of Reproduction
  • Open Access Government
  • Communications Biology
  • American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Molecular Cancer Research

The scope of their research integrates molecular and cellular approaches to reproductive health and cancer, with an emphasis on understanding biological mechanisms underlying ovarian cancer and fertility. This work incorporates studies on epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and explores the dynamics of mitosis and microtubules.

Recognition of the scholar's contributions includes being named a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1994.

Best Publications

  • Cyclin D2 is an FSH-responsive gene involved in gonadal cell proliferation and oncogenesis

    Piotr Sicinski;Joana Liu Donaher;Yan Geng;Susan B. Parker

  • MAPK3/1 (ERK1/2) in Ovarian Granulosa Cells Are Essential for Female Fertility

    Heng-Yu Fan;Zhilin Liu;Masayuki Shimada;Esta Sterneck

  • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Stimulates Phosphorylation and Activation of Protein Kinase B (PKB/Akt) and Serum and Glucocorticoid-Induced Kinase (Sgk): Evidence for A Kinase-Independent Signaling by FSH in Granulosa Cells

    Ignacio J. Gonzalez-Robayna;Allison E. Falender;Scott Ochsner;Gary L. Firestone

  • Progesterone-regulated genes in the ovulation process: ADAMTS-1 and cathepsin L proteases

    R. L. Robker;D. L. Russell;L. L. Espey;J. P. Lydon

  • Ovarian follicular development in the rat: hormone receptor regulation by estradiol follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.

    J. S. Richards;J. J. Ireland;Mrinalini C. Rao;G. A. Bernath

  • Paracrine and autocrine regulation of epidermal growth factor-like factors in cumulus oocyte complexes and granulosa cells: key roles for prostaglandin synthase 2 and progesterone receptor.

    Masayuki Shimada;Inmaculada Hernandez-Gonzalez;Ignacio Gonzalez-Robayna;JoAnne S. Richards

  • Hormone-Induced Proliferation and Differentiation of Granulosa Cells: A Coordinated Balance of the Cell Cycle Regulators Cyclin D2 and p27Kip1

    Rebecca L. Robker;JoAnne S. Richards

  • Ovulation: new dimensions and new regulators of the inflammatory-like response.

    JoAnne S Richards;Darryl L Russell;Scott Ochsner;Lawrence L Espey

  • New signaling pathways for hormones and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate action in endocrine cells.

    JoAnne S. Richards

  • The ovary: basic biology and clinical implications.

    JoAnne S. Richards;Stephanie A. Pangas

  • Novel signaling pathways that control ovarian follicular development, ovulation, and luteinization.

    Richards Js;Russell Dl;Ochsner S;Hsieh M

  • Purification and characterization of a novel, distinct isoform of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase induced by human chorionic gonadotropin in granulosa cells of rat preovulatory follicles

    J Sirois;J S Richards

  • Hormonal regulation, localization, and functional activity of the progesterone receptor in granulosa cells of rat preovulatory follicles

    Usha Natraj;J. S. Richards

  • Hormonal regulation of messenger ribonucleic acid encoding a novel isoform of prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase in rat preovulatory follicles. Induction in vivo and in vitro.

    J Sirois;D L Simmons;J S Richards

  • Aromatase Cytochrome P450 in Rat Ovarian Granulosa Cells before and after Luteinization: Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate-Dependent and Independent Regulation. Cloning and sequencing of rat aromatase cDNA and 5′ genomic DNA

    Gerard J. Hickey;Joel S. Krasnow;Wanda G. Beattie;JoAnne S. Richards

  • Molecular Aspects of Hormone Action in Ovarian Follicular Development, Ovulation, and Luteinization

    J S Richards;L Hedin

  • Ovulation: new factors that prepare the oocyte for fertilization.

    Joanne S. Richards

  • Perspective: the ovarian follicle--a perspective in 2001.

    JoAnne S. Richards

  • Transcriptional regulation of the rat prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 gene in granulosa cells. Evidence for the role of a cis-acting C/EBP beta promoter element.

    J Sirois;J.S. Richards

  • Processing and Localization of ADAMTS-1 and Proteolytic Cleavage of Versican during Cumulus Matrix Expansion and Ovulation

    Darryl L. Russell;Kari M.H. Doyle;Scott A. Ochsner;John D. Sandy

Frequent Co-Authors

Heng-Yu Fan
Heng-Yu Fan Zhejiang University
Darryl L. Russell
Darryl L. Russell University of Adelaide
Rebecca L. Robker
Rebecca L. Robker University of Adelaide
Francesco J. DeMayo
Francesco J. DeMayo National Institutes of Health
Suzanne M. Lohmann
Suzanne M. Lohmann University of Würzburg
Shingo Fujii
Shingo Fujii Kyoto University
Lars O. Hedin
Lars O. Hedin Princeton University
Gary L. Firestone
Gary L. Firestone University of California, Berkeley
Ulrich Walter
Ulrich Walter Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz
Tore Jahnsen
Tore Jahnsen University of Oslo

External Links

Wikipedia of JoAnne S. Richards Personal website of JoAnne S. Richards

If you think any of the details on this page are incorrect, let us know.

Report an issue

We appreciate your kind effort to assist us to improve this page, it would be helpful providing us with as much detail as possible in the text box below:

Related Online Degrees & Career Pathways

For students interested in Biology or Biochemistry, exploring online degree options can open the door to a variety of rewarding career paths. Many universities now offer flexible programs that help you advance your education while balancing other commitments.

If you're seeking a fast-track option, consider an accelerated bachelor's degree in biology online. These programs let you complete coursework quickly and prepare for roles in research, teaching, or industry.

For those drawn to healthcare, online nursing programs can lead to rewarding careers as registered nurses, often building on a strong foundation in biological sciences.

There is also growing demand for experts in nutrition and wellness. Earning a nutritionist degree online helps you qualify for roles in health coaching, community outreach, or clinical support.

Those interested in leadership or hospital administration can pursue online mha programs cahme accredited, providing you with comprehensive training in healthcare management.

These pathways blend scientific knowledge with real-world skills, offering many options for further study and career development in the life sciences.

Best Scientists Citing JoAnne S. Richards

Aaron J. W. Hsueh

Aaron J. W. Hsueh

Stanford University

Publications: 56

Richard L. Stouffer

Richard L. Stouffer

Oregon Health & Science University

Publications: 54

Martin M. Matzuk

Martin M. Matzuk

Baylor College of Medicine

Publications: 47

Peter C.K. Leung

Peter C.K. Leung

University of British Columbia

Publications: 43

Anthony J. Day

Anthony J. Day

University of Manchester

Publications: 42

Johan Smitz

Johan Smitz

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Publications: 40

Marc-André Sirard

Marc-André Sirard

Université Laval

Publications: 35

Ilpo Huhtaniemi

Ilpo Huhtaniemi

Imperial College London

Publications: 32

Abraham Amsterdam

Abraham Amsterdam

Weizmann Institute of Science

Publications: 32

Darryl L. Russell

Darryl L. Russell

University of Adelaide

Publications: 31

Christopher A. Price

Christopher A. Price

University of Montreal

Publications: 30

Teresa K. Woodruff

Teresa K. Woodruff

Northwestern University

Publications: 30

Douglas M. Stocco

Douglas M. Stocco

Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center

Publications: 29

Florian Lang

Florian Lang

University of Tübingen

Publications: 29

Heng-Yu Fan

Heng-Yu Fan

Zhejiang University

Publications: 27

Rebecca L. Robker

Rebecca L. Robker

University of Adelaide

Publications: 26

Trending Scientists

Zhaowei Liu

Zhaowei Liu

University of California, San Diego

Christine C. Winterbourn

Christine C. Winterbourn

University of Otago

Jeffrey H. Lang

Jeffrey H. Lang

MIT

Bob McMurray

Bob McMurray

University of Iowa

Geoffrey K. Aguirre

Geoffrey K. Aguirre

University of Pennsylvania

Mary B. Goldring

Mary B. Goldring

Hospital for Special Surgery

Jessica E. Treisman

Jessica E. Treisman

New York University

Rhiannon Tudor Edwards

Rhiannon Tudor Edwards

Bangor University

Erik Demeulemeester

Erik Demeulemeester

KU Leuven

Marina Vannucci

Marina Vannucci

Rice University

Rafael Garcia

Rafael Garcia

Complutense University of Madrid

Maxwell J. Crossley

Maxwell J. Crossley

University of Sydney

Muhammad J. A. Shiddiky

Muhammad J. A. Shiddiky

Griffith University

Carla Ferreri

Carla Ferreri

National Research Council (CNR)

George C. Runger

George C. Runger

Arizona State University

G. Ravichandran

G. Ravichandran

California Institute of Technology

Related Biology and Biochemistry Rankings & Guides

2026 Is a Nursing Informatics Master's Degree Worth It? ROI, Salary & Career Impact

2026 Is a Nursing Informatics Master's Degree Worth It? ROI, Salary & Career Impact
2026 Most Affordable Online Master’s in Bioinformatics Programs

2026 Most Affordable Online Master’s in Bioinformatics Programs
2026 Health Coaching Careers: Skills, Education, Salary & Job Outlook

2026 Health Coaching Careers: Skills, Education, Salary & Job Outlook
2026 Can You Get a Nutrition Degree Master's Without a Related Bachelor's Degree?

2026 Can You Get a Nutrition Degree Master's Without a Related Bachelor's Degree?
2026 Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner vs. Therapist: Explaining the Difference

2026 Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner vs. Therapist: Explaining the Difference
2026 How Much Does a Pediatric Nurse Practitioner Degree Program Cost? Tuition, Fees & Total Expense Breakdown

2026 How Much Does a Pediatric Nurse Practitioner Degree Program Cost? Tuition, Fees & Total Expense Breakdown
2026 Radiology Technologist vs. Ultrasound Technologist: Explaining the Difference

2026 Radiology Technologist vs. Ultrasound Technologist: Explaining the Difference
2026 MSN vs. NP Nursing Degrees: Explaining the Difference

2026 MSN vs. NP Nursing Degrees: Explaining the Difference
2026 Cheapest and Shortest Online Medical Billing & Coding Degree Programs That Pay Well: Cost, Duration, and Salary Outlook

2026 Cheapest and Shortest Online Medical Billing & Coding Degree Programs That Pay Well: Cost, Duration, and Salary Outlook
2026 Cheapest and Shortest Online Health Informatics Degree Programs That Pay Well: Cost, Duration, and Salary Outlook

2026 Cheapest and Shortest Online Health Informatics Degree Programs That Pay Well: Cost, Duration, and Salary Outlook
2026 How Much Does a Nurse Leadership Degree Program Cost? Tuition, Fees & Total Expense Breakdown

2026 How Much Does a Nurse Leadership Degree Program Cost? Tuition, Fees & Total Expense Breakdown
2026 Fastest Online Adult Gerontology Primary Care Nurse Practitioner Degree Programs You Can Finish in Under 2 Years

2026 Fastest Online Adult Gerontology Primary Care Nurse Practitioner Degree Programs You Can Finish in Under 2 Years
2026 Most Affordable Online Master's in Biology Degree Programs Ranking in the USA

2026 Most Affordable Online Master's in Biology Degree Programs Ranking in the USA
2026 How to Become an Echocardiogram Technician: Education, Salary, and Job Outlook

2026 How to Become an Echocardiogram Technician: Education, Salary, and Job Outlook
2026 How to Become a Pathologist: Education, Salary, and Job Outlook

2026 How to Become a Pathologist: Education, Salary, and Job Outlook
2026 Fastest Online Bioinformatics Master’s Degree Programs

2026 Fastest Online Bioinformatics Master’s Degree Programs
2026 Military-Friendly Online Exercise Science Degree Programs: Benefits, Accreditation, and Career Outcomes

2026 Military-Friendly Online Exercise Science Degree Programs: Benefits, Accreditation, and Career Outcomes
2026 Cheapest and Shortest Online Nutrition Degree Programs That Pay Well: Cost, Duration, and Salary Outlook

2026 Cheapest and Shortest Online Nutrition Degree Programs That Pay Well: Cost, Duration, and Salary Outlook
2026 How to Become a Healthcare Risk Manager: Education, Salary, and Job Outlook

2026 How to Become a Healthcare Risk Manager: Education, Salary, and Job Outlook
2026 How Fast Can You Get a Biology Degree Online?

2026 How Fast Can You Get a Biology Degree Online?
2026 Fastest Online Biology Master's Degree Programs You Can Finish in Under 2 Years

2026 Fastest Online Biology Master's Degree Programs You Can Finish in Under 2 Years

Recently Published Articles

2026 Logistics Degree vs. Certificate: Which Should You Choose?

2026 Logistics Degree vs. Certificate: Which Should You Choose?
2026 Project Management Career Outcomes by Degree Level Report: Pay, Employment, and Advancement Patterns

2026 Project Management Career Outcomes by Degree Level Report: Pay, Employment, and Advancement Patterns
2026 Best Accredited Online Colleges with No Application Fee

2026 Best Accredited Online Colleges with No Application Fee
2026 Most Affordable CACREP Accredited Counseling Programs Online

2026 Most Affordable CACREP Accredited Counseling Programs Online
2026 Journalism Career Hotspots: Cities With the Best Pay, Job Openings, and Growth

2026 Journalism Career Hotspots: Cities With the Best Pay, Job Openings, and Growth
2026 One-Year Online Elementary Education Master's Degree Programs: Accelerated Options, Costs & Outcomes

2026 One-Year Online Elementary Education Master's Degree Programs: Accelerated Options, Costs & Outcomes
2026 Best Online Master's in Nutrition With Real-World Nutrition Case Studies

2026 Best Online Master's in Nutrition With Real-World Nutrition Case Studies
2026 Online Clinical Research Management Degree Programs Costs: Tuition & Fees

2026 Online Clinical Research Management Degree Programs Costs: Tuition & Fees
2026 Best Nurse Practitioner Programs in New Jersey – Accredited Schools Online & Campus

2026 Best Nurse Practitioner Programs in New Jersey – Accredited Schools Online & Campus
2026 Best Online Master’s in Entrepreneurship Programs

2026 Best Online Master’s in Entrepreneurship Programs
2026 Online Information Technology Degree Programs for Veterans: GI Bill Benefits, Costs & Top Considerations

2026 Online Information Technology Degree Programs for Veterans: GI Bill Benefits, Costs & Top Considerations
2026 Most Affordable Online Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner Programs

2026 Most Affordable Online Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner Programs
2026 How to Become an FBI Agent

2026 How to Become an FBI Agent
2026 Online Logistics Bachelor's Degree Programs That Accept Transfer Credits

2026 Online Logistics Bachelor's Degree Programs That Accept Transfer Credits
2026 Most Affordable Online Nurse Practitioner Programs

2026 Most Affordable Online Nurse Practitioner Programs
2026 How to Become a Mechanic in Georgia: Requirements & Certification

2026 How to Become a Mechanic in Georgia: Requirements & Certification
2026 Master's in Business Analytics Salary

2026 Master's in Business Analytics Salary
2026 How Fast Can You Get a Cybersecurity Degree Online?

2026 How Fast Can You Get a Cybersecurity Degree Online?
2026 Most Affordable Online Master’s Degrees in Engineering

2026 Most Affordable Online Master’s Degrees in Engineering
2026 Easiest Business Degrees

2026 Easiest Business Degrees
2026 Nurse Executive Leader Career Hotspots: Cities With the Best Pay, Job Openings, and Growth

2026 Nurse Executive Leader Career Hotspots: Cities With the Best Pay, Job Openings, and Growth