World's Best Scientists 2026 revealed!
VIEW LIST
James R. Graham

D-Index & Metrics

Discipline name D-Index World Ranking Current World Ranking National Ranking Current National Ranking Publications Citations
Physics 99 1719 1636 908 852 571 30874

James R. Graham publications per year

The chart shows the history of publications by James R. Graham between 1980 and 2026, highlighting the no. of papers published in each year and offering an overview of the publication velocity of this scholar. James R. Graham published across 47 years, from 1980 to 2026, averaging 12.8 papers a year. Output peaked at 32 publications in 2014. 6 of the 602 publications appeared in the last two years.

No. of publications
10 20 30
Bar chart. Horizontal axis: year, 1980 to 2026. Vertical axis: number of publications, 0 to 32. Peak 32 publications in 2014. 1980: 1 publication 1981: 0 publications 1982: 0 publications 1983: 3 publications 1984: 1 publication 1985: 1 publication 1986: 4 publications 1987: 6 publications 1988: 9 publications 1989: 8 publications 1990: 13 publications 1991: 10 publications 1992: 7 publications 1993: 13 publications 1994: 23 publications 1995: 17 publications 1996: 10 publications 1997: 5 publications 1998: 11 publications 1999: 16 publications 2000: 31 publications 2001: 22 publications 2002: 19 publications 2003: 18 publications 2004: 17 publications 2005: 12 publications 2006: 17 publications 2007: 31 publications 2008: 24 publications 2009: 23 publications 2010: 26 publications 2011: 16 publications 2012: 19 publications 2013: 16 publications 2014: 32 publications 2015: 26 publications 2016: 20 publications 2017: 19 publications 2018: 9 publications 2019: 19 publications 2020: 10 publications 2021: 6 publications 2022: 2 publications 2023: 4 publications 2024: 0 publications 2025: 5 publications 2026: 1 publication
1980 2026

602 publications in total across all disciplines

View publications per year as a table
James R. Graham: publications per year, 1980 to 2026
Year Publications
1980 1
1981 0
1982 0
1983 3
1984 1
1985 1
1986 4
1987 6
1988 9
1989 8
1990 13
1991 10
1992 7
1993 13
1994 23
1995 17
1996 10
1997 5
1998 11
1999 16
2000 31
2001 22
2002 19
2003 18
2004 17
2005 12
2006 17
2007 31
2008 24
2009 23
2010 26
2011 16
2012 19
2013 16
2014 32
2015 26
2016 20
2017 19
2018 9
2019 19
2020 10
2021 6
2022 2
2023 4
2024 0
2025 5
2026 1
Total 602
Download as CSV

James R. Graham publication distribution in Physics in 2026

The chart shows the distribution of publications by all Research.com ranked scientists in the field of Physics in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where James R. Graham sits on this spectrum.

No. of scientists
50 100 150
Bar chart with 70 bars. Horizontal axis: publications, 103–122 to 1,469+. Vertical axis: number of scientists, 0 to 162. Most scientists, 162, have 323–342 publications. The last bar groups every scientist with 1,469 publications or more. The highlighted bar, 563–582 publications, is where this scientist sits. 103–122 publications: 7 scientists 123–142 publications: 10 scientists 143–162 publications: 31 scientists 163–182 publications: 35 scientists 183–202 publications: 53 scientists 203–222 publications: 81 scientists 223–242 publications: 85 scientists 243–262 publications: 112 scientists 263–282 publications: 114 scientists 283–302 publications: 126 scientists 303–322 publications: 136 scientists 323–342 publications: 162 scientists 343–362 publications: 155 scientists 363–382 publications: 156 scientists 383–402 publications: 134 scientists 403–422 publications: 145 scientists 423–442 publications: 147 scientists 443–462 publications: 131 scientists 463–482 publications: 131 scientists 483–502 publications: 116 scientists 503–522 publications: 106 scientists 523–542 publications: 103 scientists 543–562 publications: 87 scientists 563–582 publications: 84 scientists 583–602 publications: 94 scientists 603–622 publications: 70 scientists 623–642 publications: 76 scientists 643–662 publications: 60 scientists 663–682 publications: 54 scientists 683–702 publications: 60 scientists 703–722 publications: 48 scientists 723–742 publications: 64 scientists 743–762 publications: 48 scientists 763–782 publications: 37 scientists 783–802 publications: 43 scientists 803–822 publications: 34 scientists 823–842 publications: 36 scientists 843–862 publications: 32 scientists 863–882 publications: 32 scientists 883–902 publications: 31 scientists 903–922 publications: 25 scientists 923–942 publications: 15 scientists 943–962 publications: 24 scientists 963–982 publications: 13 scientists 983–1,002 publications: 21 scientists 1,003–1,022 publications: 21 scientists 1,023–1,042 publications: 16 scientists 1,043–1,062 publications: 9 scientists 1,063–1,082 publications: 19 scientists 1,083–1,102 publications: 11 scientists 1,103–1,122 publications: 17 scientists 1,123–1,142 publications: 11 scientists 1,143–1,162 publications: 7 scientists 1,163–1,182 publications: 4 scientists 1,183–1,202 publications: 10 scientists 1,203–1,222 publications: 8 scientists 1,223–1,242 publications: 16 scientists 1,243–1,262 publications: 4 scientists 1,263–1,282 publications: 10 scientists 1,283–1,302 publications: 5 scientists 1,303–1,322 publications: 7 scientists 1,323–1,342 publications: 4 scientists 1,343–1,362 publications: 8 scientists 1,363–1,382 publications: 6 scientists 1,383–1,402 publications: 7 scientists 1,403–1,422 publications: 3 scientists 1,423–1,442 publications: 4 scientists 1,443–1,462 publications: 4 scientists 1,463–1,468 publications: 3 scientists 1,469+ publications: 100 scientists
103–122 publications 1,469+

This scientist: 571 publications — 65th percentile

65% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 1,469 publications or more.

View publications distribution as a table
Number of Physics scientists by publication count, Research.com 2026 ranking edition. Based on 3,678 ranked scientists.
Publications Scientists This scientist
103–122 7
123–142 10
143–162 31
163–182 35
183–202 53
203–222 81
223–242 85
243–262 112
263–282 114
283–302 126
303–322 136
323–342 162
343–362 155
363–382 156
383–402 134
403–422 145
423–442 147
443–462 131
463–482 131
483–502 116
503–522 106
523–542 103
543–562 87
563–582 84 571
583–602 94
603–622 70
623–642 76
643–662 60
663–682 54
683–702 60
703–722 48
723–742 64
743–762 48
763–782 37
783–802 43
803–822 34
823–842 36
843–862 32
863–882 32
883–902 31
903–922 25
923–942 15
943–962 24
963–982 13
983–1,002 21
1,003–1,022 21
1,023–1,042 16
1,043–1,062 9
1,063–1,082 19
1,083–1,102 11
1,103–1,122 17
1,123–1,142 11
1,143–1,162 7
1,163–1,182 4
1,183–1,202 10
1,203–1,222 8
1,223–1,242 16
1,243–1,262 4
1,263–1,282 10
1,283–1,302 5
1,303–1,322 7
1,323–1,342 4
1,343–1,362 8
1,363–1,382 6
1,383–1,402 7
1,403–1,422 3
1,423–1,442 4
1,443–1,462 4
1,463–1,468 3
1,469+ 100
Download as CSV

James R. Graham D-index placement in Physics in 2026

The chart shows the D-index (discipline H-index) distribution of Physics scientists ranked by Research.com in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where James R. Graham sits on this spectrum.

No. of scientists
50 100 150
Bar chart with 59 bars. Horizontal axis: D-Index, 70–71 to 185+. Vertical axis: number of scientists, 0 to 167. Most scientists, 167, have 80–81 D-Index. The last bar groups every scientist with 185 D-Index or more. The highlighted bar, 98–99 D-Index, is where this scientist sits. 70–71 D-Index: 76 scientists 72–73 D-Index: 110 scientists 74–75 D-Index: 143 scientists 76–77 D-Index: 153 scientists 78–79 D-Index: 144 scientists 80–81 D-Index: 167 scientists 82–83 D-Index: 167 scientists 84–85 D-Index: 166 scientists 86–87 D-Index: 132 scientists 88–89 D-Index: 155 scientists 90–91 D-Index: 134 scientists 92–93 D-Index: 137 scientists 94–95 D-Index: 102 scientists 96–97 D-Index: 112 scientists 98–99 D-Index: 110 scientists 100–101 D-Index: 116 scientists 102–103 D-Index: 97 scientists 104–105 D-Index: 103 scientists 106–107 D-Index: 87 scientists 108–109 D-Index: 90 scientists 110–111 D-Index: 67 scientists 112–113 D-Index: 78 scientists 114–115 D-Index: 75 scientists 116–117 D-Index: 67 scientists 118–119 D-Index: 69 scientists 120–121 D-Index: 60 scientists 122–123 D-Index: 59 scientists 124–125 D-Index: 53 scientists 126–127 D-Index: 42 scientists 128–129 D-Index: 41 scientists 130–131 D-Index: 33 scientists 132–133 D-Index: 32 scientists 134–135 D-Index: 45 scientists 136–137 D-Index: 19 scientists 138–139 D-Index: 24 scientists 140–141 D-Index: 28 scientists 142–143 D-Index: 31 scientists 144–145 D-Index: 22 scientists 146–147 D-Index: 20 scientists 148–149 D-Index: 12 scientists 150–151 D-Index: 16 scientists 152–153 D-Index: 24 scientists 154–155 D-Index: 23 scientists 156–157 D-Index: 15 scientists 158–159 D-Index: 15 scientists 160–161 D-Index: 11 scientists 162–163 D-Index: 17 scientists 164–165 D-Index: 12 scientists 166–167 D-Index: 11 scientists 168–169 D-Index: 9 scientists 170–171 D-Index: 9 scientists 172–173 D-Index: 11 scientists 174–175 D-Index: 4 scientists 176–177 D-Index: 8 scientists 178–179 D-Index: 5 scientists 180–181 D-Index: 3 scientists 182–183 D-Index: 4 scientists 184 D-Index: 4 scientists 185+ D-Index: 99 scientists
70–71 D-Index 185+

This scientist: 99 D-Index — 55th percentile

55% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 185 D-Index or more.

View D-Index distribution as a table
Number of Physics scientists by D-index, Research.com 2026 ranking edition. Based on 3,678 ranked scientists.
D-Index Scientists This scientist
70–71 76
72–73 110
74–75 143
76–77 153
78–79 144
80–81 167
82–83 167
84–85 166
86–87 132
88–89 155
90–91 134
92–93 137
94–95 102
96–97 112
98–99 110 99
100–101 116
102–103 97
104–105 103
106–107 87
108–109 90
110–111 67
112–113 78
114–115 75
116–117 67
118–119 69
120–121 60
122–123 59
124–125 53
126–127 42
128–129 41
130–131 33
132–133 32
134–135 45
136–137 19
138–139 24
140–141 28
142–143 31
144–145 22
146–147 20
148–149 12
150–151 16
152–153 24
154–155 23
156–157 15
158–159 15
160–161 11
162–163 17
164–165 12
166–167 11
168–169 9
170–171 9
172–173 11
174–175 4
176–177 8
178–179 5
180–181 3
182–183 4
184 4
185+ 99
Download as CSV

Research.com Recognitions

  • 1992 - Fellow of Alfred P. Sloan Foundation

Overview

James R. Graham is affiliated with the University of California, Berkeley in the United States. Their research primarily spans the field of Physics and Astronomy, with a significant focus on subfields such as Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation, Computational Mechanics, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, and Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics.

Their work covers a range of main topics including Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies, Astro and Planetary Science, Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies, Astronomy and Astrophysical Research, Astronomical Observations and Instrumentation, Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing, and Prenatal Screening and Diagnostics.

James R. Graham has contributed to multiple recent papers, among which are:

  • orbitize!: A Comprehensive Orbit-fitting Software Package for the High-contrast Imaging Community, 2020, The Astronomical Journal
  • Debris Disk Results from the Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey's Polarimetric Imaging Campaign, 2020, The Astronomical Journal
  • Multiband Polarimetric Imaging of HR 4796A with the Gemini Planet Imager, 2020, The Astronomical Journal
  • First Resolved Scattered-light Images of Four Debris Disks in Scorpius-Centaurus with the Gemini Planet Imager, 2020, The Astronomical Journal
  • A Decade of Linear and Circular Polarimetry with the POLISH2 Polarimeter, 2023, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series

The frequent co-authors with whom James R. Graham has collaborated include:

  • Robert J. De Rosa
  • Maxwell A. Millar-Blanchaer
  • E. Nielsen
  • Thomas M. Esposito
  • Jason Wang

The main venues in which James R. Graham publishes are diverse but show a preference for journals within the astronomical community, including:

  • The Astronomical Journal
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
  • Fertility and Sterility
  • The Astrophysical Journal Letters
  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series

James R. Graham has received recognition through awards such as the Fellow of Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, which was awarded in 1992.

Best Publications

  • Optical Images of an Exosolar Planet 25 Light-Years from Earth

    Paul Kalas;James R. Graham;Eugene Chiang;Michael P. Fitzgerald

  • Design and development of NIRSPEC: a near-infrared echelle spectrograph for the Keck II telescope

    Ian S. McLean;Eric E. Becklin;Oddvar Bendiksen;George Brims

  • First light of the Gemini Planet Imager

    Bruce Macintosh;Bruce Macintosh;James R. Graham;Patrick Ingraham;Quinn Konopacky

  • Discovery and spectroscopy of the young Jovian planet 51 Eri b with the Gemini Planet Imager

    B. Macintosh;B. Macintosh;J. R. Graham;T. Barman;R. J. De Rosa

  • The Gemini Deep Planet Survey

    David Lafreniere;Rene Doyon;Christian Marois;Daniel Nadeau

  • A planetary system as the origin of structure in Fomalhaut's dust belt

    Paul Kalas;James R. Graham;Mark Clampin

  • The Gemini Deep Planet Survey -- GDPS

    David Lafreniere;Rene Doyon;Christian Marois;Daniel Nadeau

  • The Gemini Planet Imager: from science to design to construction

    Bruce A. Macintosh;James R. Graham;David W. Palmer;René Doyon

  • Two ten-billion-solar-mass black holes at the centres of giant elliptical galaxies

    Nicholas J. Mcconnell;Chung Pei Ma;Karl Gebhardt;Shelley A. Wright

  • The HST Key Project on the Extragalactic Distance Scale XIII. The Metallicity Dependence of the Cepheid Distance Scale

    R. Kennicutt;P. Stetson;A. Saha;D. Kelson

  • Lithium in Brown Dwarf Candidates: The Mass and Age of the Faintest Pleiades Stars

    Gibor Basri;Geoffrey W. Marcy;James R. Graham

  • The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics from 10 to 100 au

    Eric L. Nielsen;Robert J. De Rosa;Bruce Macintosh;Jason J. Wang;Jason J. Wang

  • Massive Stars in the Arches Cluster

    Donald F. Figer;Donald F. Figer;Francisco Najarro;Diane Gilmore;Mark Morris

  • A Population of Faint Extended Line Emitters and the Host Galaxies of Optically Thick QSO Absorption Systems

    Michael Rauch;Martin Haehnelt;Andrew Bunker;George Becker

  • The Gemini Planet Imager

    Bruce Macintosh;James Graham;David Palmer;Rene Doyon

  • Extreme Adaptive Optics for the Thirty Meter Telescope

    Bruce Macintosh;Mitchell Troy;Rene Doyon;James Graham

  • A Population of Faint Extended Line Emitters and the Host Galaxies of Optically Thick QSO Absorption Systems

    Michael Rauch;Martin Haehnelt;Andrew Bunker;George Becker

  • STELLAR COMPANIONS TO STARS WITH PLANETS

    J. Patience;J. Patience;R. J. White;A. M. Ghez;C. McCabe

  • The VAST Survey - III. The multiplicity of A-type stars within 75 pc

    R. J. De Rosa;R. J. De Rosa;Jennifer Patience;Jennifer Patience;P. A. Wilson;A. Schneider

  • The Gemini Planet Imager

    James R. Graham;Bruce Macintosh;Marshall D. Perrin;Patrick Ingraham

Frequent Co-Authors

Paul Kalas
Paul Kalas University of California, Berkeley
Christian Marois
Christian Marois National Research Council Canada
Bruce Macintosh
Bruce Macintosh Stanford University
Gaspard Duchêne
Gaspard Duchêne Grenoble Alpes University
René Doyon
René Doyon University of Montreal
Inseok Song
Inseok Song University of Georgia
Mark S. Marley
Mark S. Marley University of Arizona
Brenda C. Matthews
Brenda C. Matthews University of Victoria
Michael C. Liu
Michael C. Liu University of Hawaii at Manoa
Harry I. Teplitz
Harry I. Teplitz California Institute of Technology

External Links

Personal website of James R. Graham

If you think any of the details on this page are incorrect, let us know.

Report an issue

We appreciate your kind effort to assist us to improve this page, it would be helpful providing us with as much detail as possible in the text box below:

Best Scientists Citing James R. Graham

Motohide Tamura

Motohide Tamura

University of Tokyo

Publications: 186

Bruce Macintosh

Bruce Macintosh

Stanford University

Publications: 158

Mickaël Bonnefoy

Mickaël Bonnefoy

Grenoble Alpes University

Publications: 150

Anthony Boccaletti

Anthony Boccaletti

Paris Observatory

Publications: 148

Rob Ivison

Rob Ivison

European Southern Observatory

Publications: 131

Mark C. Wyatt

Mark C. Wyatt

University of Cambridge

Publications: 124

David J. Wilner

David J. Wilner

Harvard University

Publications: 118

Sascha P. Quanz

Sascha P. Quanz

ETH Zurich

Publications: 110

Michael Meyer

Michael Meyer

University of Michigan–Ann Arbor

Publications: 105

Christian Marois

Christian Marois

National Research Council Canada

Publications: 105

Gaspard Duchêne

Gaspard Duchêne

Grenoble Alpes University

Publications: 101

Adam J. Burgasser

Adam J. Burgasser

University of California, San Diego

Publications: 101

Michael C. Liu

Michael C. Liu

University of Hawaii at Manoa

Publications: 100

Jean-Charles Augereau

Jean-Charles Augereau

Grenoble Alpes University

Publications: 94

Kate Y. L. Su

Kate Y. L. Su

University of Arizona

Publications: 90

Carsten Dominik

Carsten Dominik

University of Amsterdam

Publications: 88

Trending Scientists

Yann Garcia

Yann Garcia

Université Catholique de Louvain

Andreas Graner

Andreas Graner

Leibniz Association

Jeffrey N. Strathern

Jeffrey N. Strathern

National Institutes of Health

Giovanni Serra

Giovanni Serra

University of Bologna

Jami F. Young

Jami F. Young

Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

Steven Chu

Steven Chu

Stanford University

William R. Cotton

William R. Cotton

Colorado State University

Juul Limpens

Juul Limpens

Wageningen University & Research

Steven S. Rosenfeld

Steven S. Rosenfeld

Mayo Clinic

Jennifer A. Ailshire

Jennifer A. Ailshire

University of Southern California

Noel T. Brewer

Noel T. Brewer

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Richard Layte

Richard Layte

Trinity College Dublin

Dmitri Maslov

Dmitri Maslov

IBM (United States)

Covadonga Pevida

Covadonga Pevida

Spanish National Research Council

Ranajit K. Talukdar

Ranajit K. Talukdar

University of Colorado Boulder

Haidong Kan

Haidong Kan

Fudan University

Related Physics Rankings & Guides

2027 Best Online Space Studies Degree Programs

2027 Best Online Space Studies Degree Programs
2027 How To Become a Paleontologist? Salary & Career Paths

2027 How To Become a Paleontologist? Salary & Career Paths
2027 Fastest Online Urban Planning Degree Programs You Can Finish in Under 2 Years

2027 Fastest Online Urban Planning Degree Programs You Can Finish in Under 2 Years
2027 Online Photography Degree Programs for Veterans: GI Bill Benefits, Costs & Top Considerations

2027 Online Photography Degree Programs for Veterans: GI Bill Benefits, Costs & Top Considerations
2027 Admission Requirements for Physics Degree Programs

2027 Admission Requirements for Physics Degree Programs
2027 Most Affordable Online Space Studies Degree Programs

2027 Most Affordable Online Space Studies Degree Programs
2027 Most Affordable Online Physics Degree Programs

2027 Most Affordable Online Physics Degree Programs
2027 Best Online Physics Degree Programs

2027 Best Online Physics Degree Programs
2027 Online Photography Degree Programs Costs: Tuition & Fees

2027 Online Photography Degree Programs Costs: Tuition & Fees

Recently Published Articles

2027 How Fast Can You Get a Nutrition Degree Online?

2027 How Fast Can You Get a Nutrition Degree Online?
2027 Fastest Accredited Online Graphic Design Programs: Accelerated Degrees and Completion Times

2027 Fastest Accredited Online Graphic Design Programs: Accelerated Degrees and Completion Times
2027 Best Part-Time Online MBA Programs for Busy Adults

2027 Best Part-Time Online MBA Programs for Busy Adults
2027 Can You Get Into a Health Information Management Degree Master's Program with a Low GPA? Admission Chances & Workarounds

2027 Can You Get Into a Health Information Management Degree Master's Program with a Low GPA? Admission Chances & Workarounds
2027 Best Accredited Online Gender & Sexuality Studies Degree Programs: Compare Tuition, Admissions, and Career Outcomes

2027 Best Accredited Online Gender & Sexuality Studies Degree Programs: Compare Tuition, Admissions, and Career Outcomes
2027 Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Master's Programs: Which Path Should You Pursue?

2027 Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Master's Programs: Which Path Should You Pursue?
2027 Best Early Childhood Education Degrees for Working Adults

2027 Best Early Childhood Education Degrees for Working Adults
2027 How to Become a Nurse Practitioner in Pennsylvania

2027 How to Become a Nurse Practitioner in Pennsylvania
2027 Most Affordable Bachelor's Degrees for Mid-Career Professionals

2027 Most Affordable Bachelor's Degrees for Mid-Career Professionals
2027 Online Human Services Bachelor's Degree Programs With Monthly Start Dates

2027 Online Human Services Bachelor's Degree Programs With Monthly Start Dates
2027 AI Associate Degrees for Students With No Coding Experience

2027 AI Associate Degrees for Students With No Coding Experience
2027 How to Become an RN Coder: Education, Salary, and Job Outlook

2027 How to Become an RN Coder: Education, Salary, and Job Outlook
2027 What Prerequisites Do You Need for a Theology Master's Degree? Entry Requirements, Credits & Eligibility Rules

2027 What Prerequisites Do You Need for a Theology Master's Degree? Entry Requirements, Credits & Eligibility Rules
2027 One-Year Online Mathematics Master's Degree Programs: Accelerated Options, Costs & Outcomes

2027 One-Year Online Mathematics Master's Degree Programs: Accelerated Options, Costs & Outcomes
2027 Most Affordable Bachelor's Degrees for Gig Workers

2027 Most Affordable Bachelor's Degrees for Gig Workers
2027 What Can You Do With a Master's Degree in Adult Education?

2027 What Can You Do With a Master's Degree in Adult Education?
2027 What Happens If an Addiction Counseling Degree Master's Program Doesn't Meet Licensure Rules?

2027 What Happens If an Addiction Counseling Degree Master's Program Doesn't Meet Licensure Rules?
2027 Education Specialist Degree vs. Master's Degree: Explaining the Difference

2027 Education Specialist Degree vs. Master's Degree: Explaining the Difference
2027 How to Become a Hydrologist: Education, Salary, and Job Outlook

2027 How to Become a Hydrologist: Education, Salary, and Job Outlook
2027 Shortest Online Psychopharmacology Degree Master's Programs That Pay Well: Cost, Time to Completion, and Salary Outlook

2027 Shortest Online Psychopharmacology Degree Master's Programs That Pay Well: Cost, Time to Completion, and Salary Outlook
2027 Online Graphic Design Degree Programs for Veterans: GI Bill Benefits, Costs & Top Considerations

2027 Online Graphic Design Degree Programs for Veterans: GI Bill Benefits, Costs & Top Considerations