World's Best Scientists 2026 revealed!
VIEW LIST
Emil Wolf

Emil Wolf

University of Rochester
United States

H-index 101

Last Updated:

D-Index & Metrics

?
Discipline name D-Index World Ranking National Ranking Publications Citations
Physics 101 1558 822 640 105832

Emil Wolf publications per year

The chart shows the history of publications by Emil Wolf between 1951 and 2020, highlighting the no. of papers published in each year and offering an overview of the publication velocity of this scholar. Emil Wolf published across 70 years, from 1951 to 2020, averaging 9.4 papers a year. Output peaked at 38 publications in 1999. 3 of the 656 publications appeared in the last two years.

No. of publications
10 20 30
Bar chart. Horizontal axis: year, 1951 to 2020. Vertical axis: number of publications, 0 to 38. Peak 38 publications in 1999. 1951: 2 publications 1952: 3 publications 1953: 3 publications 1954: 4 publications 1955: 1 publication 1956: 0 publications 1957: 2 publications 1958: 0 publications 1959: 4 publications 1960: 4 publications 1961: 3 publications 1962: 5 publications 1963: 2 publications 1964: 6 publications 1965: 4 publications 1966: 6 publications 1967: 7 publications 1968: 4 publications 1969: 3 publications 1970: 7 publications 1971: 5 publications 1972: 7 publications 1973: 7 publications 1974: 6 publications 1975: 7 publications 1976: 9 publications 1977: 5 publications 1978: 12 publications 1979: 7 publications 1980: 22 publications 1981: 11 publications 1982: 14 publications 1983: 8 publications 1984: 10 publications 1985: 7 publications 1986: 15 publications 1987: 27 publications 1988: 12 publications 1989: 10 publications 1990: 18 publications 1991: 13 publications 1992: 7 publications 1993: 6 publications 1994: 7 publications 1995: 34 publications 1996: 10 publications 1997: 12 publications 1998: 12 publications 1999: 38 publications 2000: 9 publications 2001: 15 publications 2002: 14 publications 2003: 26 publications 2004: 28 publications 2005: 22 publications 2006: 12 publications 2007: 14 publications 2008: 19 publications 2009: 11 publications 2010: 19 publications 2011: 8 publications 2012: 14 publications 2013: 9 publications 2014: 3 publications 2015: 1 publication 2016: 1 publication 2017: 0 publications 2018: 0 publications 2019: 2 publications 2020: 1 publication
1951 2020

656 publications in total across all disciplines

View publications per year as a table
Emil Wolf: publications per year, 1951 to 2020
Year Publications
1951 2
1952 3
1953 3
1954 4
1955 1
1956 0
1957 2
1958 0
1959 4
1960 4
1961 3
1962 5
1963 2
1964 6
1965 4
1966 6
1967 7
1968 4
1969 3
1970 7
1971 5
1972 7
1973 7
1974 6
1975 7
1976 9
1977 5
1978 12
1979 7
1980 22
1981 11
1982 14
1983 8
1984 10
1985 7
1986 15
1987 27
1988 12
1989 10
1990 18
1991 13
1992 7
1993 6
1994 7
1995 34
1996 10
1997 12
1998 12
1999 38
2000 9
2001 15
2002 14
2003 26
2004 28
2005 22
2006 12
2007 14
2008 19
2009 11
2010 19
2011 8
2012 14
2013 9
2014 3
2015 1
2016 1
2017 0
2018 0
2019 2
2020 1
Total 656
Download as CSV

Emil Wolf publications per year - data summary

  • Emil Wolf, a Physics scholar from University of Rochester, has 656 publications recorded across 70 years, from 1951 to 2020.
  • The oldest publication on record dates to 1951 and the most recent to 2020.
  • The most productive year is 1999, with 38 publications.
  • The least productive years with any output are 1955, 2015, 2016 and 2020, with 1 publication each.
  • 4 of the 70 years in the span carry no publications at all (1956, 1958, 2017 and 2018).
  • The rate of publication averages 9.4 papers per year over the whole span, or 9.9 per year counting only the 66 years with at least one publication.
  • The last 5 years on the chart (2016-2020) hold 4 publications, <1% of the career total.
  • Split into equal eras - 1951-1974: 95 publications (4.0 per year); 1975-1998: 295 publications (12.3 per year); 1999-2020: 266 publications (12.1 per year).
  • Comparing the opening and closing eras, the overall trend of publication is rising.

Emil Wolf publication distribution in Physics in 2026

The chart shows the distribution of publications by all Research.com ranked scientists in the field of Physics in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where Emil Wolf sits on this spectrum.

No. of scientists
50 100 150
Bar chart with 70 bars. Horizontal axis: publications, 103–122 to 1,469+. Vertical axis: number of scientists, 0 to 162. Most scientists, 162, have 323–342 publications. The last bar groups every scientist with 1,469 publications or more. The highlighted bar, 623–642 publications, is where this scientist sits. 103–122 publications: 7 scientists 123–142 publications: 10 scientists 143–162 publications: 31 scientists 163–182 publications: 35 scientists 183–202 publications: 53 scientists 203–222 publications: 81 scientists 223–242 publications: 85 scientists 243–262 publications: 112 scientists 263–282 publications: 114 scientists 283–302 publications: 126 scientists 303–322 publications: 136 scientists 323–342 publications: 162 scientists 343–362 publications: 155 scientists 363–382 publications: 156 scientists 383–402 publications: 134 scientists 403–422 publications: 145 scientists 423–442 publications: 147 scientists 443–462 publications: 131 scientists 463–482 publications: 131 scientists 483–502 publications: 116 scientists 503–522 publications: 106 scientists 523–542 publications: 103 scientists 543–562 publications: 87 scientists 563–582 publications: 84 scientists 583–602 publications: 94 scientists 603–622 publications: 70 scientists 623–642 publications: 76 scientists 643–662 publications: 60 scientists 663–682 publications: 54 scientists 683–702 publications: 60 scientists 703–722 publications: 48 scientists 723–742 publications: 64 scientists 743–762 publications: 48 scientists 763–782 publications: 37 scientists 783–802 publications: 43 scientists 803–822 publications: 34 scientists 823–842 publications: 36 scientists 843–862 publications: 32 scientists 863–882 publications: 32 scientists 883–902 publications: 31 scientists 903–922 publications: 25 scientists 923–942 publications: 15 scientists 943–962 publications: 24 scientists 963–982 publications: 13 scientists 983–1,002 publications: 21 scientists 1,003–1,022 publications: 21 scientists 1,023–1,042 publications: 16 scientists 1,043–1,062 publications: 9 scientists 1,063–1,082 publications: 19 scientists 1,083–1,102 publications: 11 scientists 1,103–1,122 publications: 17 scientists 1,123–1,142 publications: 11 scientists 1,143–1,162 publications: 7 scientists 1,163–1,182 publications: 4 scientists 1,183–1,202 publications: 10 scientists 1,203–1,222 publications: 8 scientists 1,223–1,242 publications: 16 scientists 1,243–1,262 publications: 4 scientists 1,263–1,282 publications: 10 scientists 1,283–1,302 publications: 5 scientists 1,303–1,322 publications: 7 scientists 1,323–1,342 publications: 4 scientists 1,343–1,362 publications: 8 scientists 1,363–1,382 publications: 6 scientists 1,383–1,402 publications: 7 scientists 1,403–1,422 publications: 3 scientists 1,423–1,442 publications: 4 scientists 1,443–1,462 publications: 4 scientists 1,463–1,468 publications: 3 scientists 1,469+ publications: 100 scientists
103–122 publications 1,469+

This scientist: 640 publications — 73rd percentile

73% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 1,469 publications or more.

View publications distribution as a table
Number of Physics scientists by publication count, Research.com 2026 ranking edition. Based on 3,678 ranked scientists.
Publications Scientists This scientist
103–122 7
123–142 10
143–162 31
163–182 35
183–202 53
203–222 81
223–242 85
243–262 112
263–282 114
283–302 126
303–322 136
323–342 162
343–362 155
363–382 156
383–402 134
403–422 145
423–442 147
443–462 131
463–482 131
483–502 116
503–522 106
523–542 103
543–562 87
563–582 84
583–602 94
603–622 70
623–642 76 640
643–662 60
663–682 54
683–702 60
703–722 48
723–742 64
743–762 48
763–782 37
783–802 43
803–822 34
823–842 36
843–862 32
863–882 32
883–902 31
903–922 25
923–942 15
943–962 24
963–982 13
983–1,002 21
1,003–1,022 21
1,023–1,042 16
1,043–1,062 9
1,063–1,082 19
1,083–1,102 11
1,103–1,122 17
1,123–1,142 11
1,143–1,162 7
1,163–1,182 4
1,183–1,202 10
1,203–1,222 8
1,223–1,242 16
1,243–1,262 4
1,263–1,282 10
1,283–1,302 5
1,303–1,322 7
1,323–1,342 4
1,343–1,362 8
1,363–1,382 6
1,383–1,402 7
1,403–1,422 3
1,423–1,442 4
1,443–1,462 4
1,463–1,468 3
1,469+ 100
Download as CSV

Emil Wolf publication distribution in Physics in 2026 - data summary

  • The chart plots the publication count of all 3,678 Physics scientists ranked by Research.com in 2026, grouped into 70 ranges running from 103–122 to 1,469+ publications.
  • Emil Wolf, a Physics scholar from University of Rochester, records 640 publications - the 73rd percentile of the discipline.
  • 73% of ranked Physics scientists score the same or lower than Emil Wolf, and about 27% score higher.
  • The median of the discipline falls in the 463–482 publications range, and Emil Wolf ranks above the median.
  • The most crowded range is 323–342 publications, holding 162 scientists (4% of the field).
  • 49% of the field sits in the lowest quarter of the value range (up to 443–462 publications), so the distribution leans towards the lower end of the scale.
  • The final bar has no upper bound: it groups every scientist with 1,469 publications or more, 100 scientists in all (3% of the field).

Emil Wolf D-index placement in Physics in 2026

The chart shows the D-index (discipline H-index) distribution of Physics scientists ranked by Research.com in 2026. The highlighted bar marks where Emil Wolf sits on this spectrum.

No. of scientists
50 100 150
Bar chart with 59 bars. Horizontal axis: D-Index, 70–71 to 185+. Vertical axis: number of scientists, 0 to 167. Most scientists, 167, have 80–81 D-Index. The last bar groups every scientist with 185 D-Index or more. The highlighted bar, 100–101 D-Index, is where this scientist sits. 70–71 D-Index: 76 scientists 72–73 D-Index: 110 scientists 74–75 D-Index: 143 scientists 76–77 D-Index: 153 scientists 78–79 D-Index: 144 scientists 80–81 D-Index: 167 scientists 82–83 D-Index: 167 scientists 84–85 D-Index: 166 scientists 86–87 D-Index: 132 scientists 88–89 D-Index: 155 scientists 90–91 D-Index: 134 scientists 92–93 D-Index: 137 scientists 94–95 D-Index: 102 scientists 96–97 D-Index: 112 scientists 98–99 D-Index: 110 scientists 100–101 D-Index: 116 scientists 102–103 D-Index: 97 scientists 104–105 D-Index: 103 scientists 106–107 D-Index: 87 scientists 108–109 D-Index: 90 scientists 110–111 D-Index: 67 scientists 112–113 D-Index: 78 scientists 114–115 D-Index: 75 scientists 116–117 D-Index: 67 scientists 118–119 D-Index: 69 scientists 120–121 D-Index: 60 scientists 122–123 D-Index: 59 scientists 124–125 D-Index: 53 scientists 126–127 D-Index: 42 scientists 128–129 D-Index: 41 scientists 130–131 D-Index: 33 scientists 132–133 D-Index: 32 scientists 134–135 D-Index: 45 scientists 136–137 D-Index: 19 scientists 138–139 D-Index: 24 scientists 140–141 D-Index: 28 scientists 142–143 D-Index: 31 scientists 144–145 D-Index: 22 scientists 146–147 D-Index: 20 scientists 148–149 D-Index: 12 scientists 150–151 D-Index: 16 scientists 152–153 D-Index: 24 scientists 154–155 D-Index: 23 scientists 156–157 D-Index: 15 scientists 158–159 D-Index: 15 scientists 160–161 D-Index: 11 scientists 162–163 D-Index: 17 scientists 164–165 D-Index: 12 scientists 166–167 D-Index: 11 scientists 168–169 D-Index: 9 scientists 170–171 D-Index: 9 scientists 172–173 D-Index: 11 scientists 174–175 D-Index: 4 scientists 176–177 D-Index: 8 scientists 178–179 D-Index: 5 scientists 180–181 D-Index: 3 scientists 182–183 D-Index: 4 scientists 184 D-Index: 4 scientists 185+ D-Index: 99 scientists
70–71 D-Index 185+

This scientist: 101 D-Index — 58th percentile

58% of scientists in this discipline score the same or lower.

The last bar groups every scientist with 185 D-Index or more.

View D-Index distribution as a table
Number of Physics scientists by D-index, Research.com 2026 ranking edition. Based on 3,678 ranked scientists.
D-Index Scientists This scientist
70–71 76
72–73 110
74–75 143
76–77 153
78–79 144
80–81 167
82–83 167
84–85 166
86–87 132
88–89 155
90–91 134
92–93 137
94–95 102
96–97 112
98–99 110
100–101 116 101
102–103 97
104–105 103
106–107 87
108–109 90
110–111 67
112–113 78
114–115 75
116–117 67
118–119 69
120–121 60
122–123 59
124–125 53
126–127 42
128–129 41
130–131 33
132–133 32
134–135 45
136–137 19
138–139 24
140–141 28
142–143 31
144–145 22
146–147 20
148–149 12
150–151 16
152–153 24
154–155 23
156–157 15
158–159 15
160–161 11
162–163 17
164–165 12
166–167 11
168–169 9
170–171 9
172–173 11
174–175 4
176–177 8
178–179 5
180–181 3
182–183 4
184 4
185+ 99
Download as CSV

Emil Wolf D-index placement in Physics in 2026 - data summary

  • The chart plots the discipline H-index (D-index) of all 3,678 Physics scientists ranked by Research.com in 2026, grouped into 59 ranges running from 70–71 to 185+ D-Index.
  • Emil Wolf, a Physics scholar from University of Rochester, records 101 D-Index - the 58th percentile of the discipline.
  • 58% of ranked Physics scientists score the same or lower than Emil Wolf, and about 42% score higher.
  • The median of the discipline falls in the 96–97 D-Index range, and Emil Wolf ranks above the median.
  • The most crowded range is 80–81 D-Index, holding 167 scientists (5% of the field).
  • 55% of the field sits in the lowest quarter of the value range (up to 98–99 D-Index), so the distribution is heavily right-skewed and high scores are rare.
  • The final bar has no upper bound: it groups every scientist with 185 D-Index or more, 99 scientists in all (3% of the field).

Overview

Emil Wolf was affiliated with the University of Rochester in the United States during their academic career.

Wolf collaborated with other researchers in their field, most notably with Max Born, with whom they co-authored work.

Among their contributions to scientific literature, Emil Wolf authored a book titled Principles of Optics: 60th Anniversary Edition, published by the European Organization for Nuclear Research in 2020. This publication has been cited in academic contexts, reflecting its relevance within the optics research community.

Their main areas of study were not explicitly detailed, nor were specific topics, subfields, or notable publication venues recorded in the available data.

Best Publications

  • Principles of Optics

    Max Born;Emil Wolf

  • Optical Coherence and Quantum Optics

    Leonard Mandel;Emil Wolf

  • Principles of optics : electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and diffraction of light

    Max Born;Emil Wolf;Eugene Hecht

  • Electromagnetic Diffraction in Optical Systems. II. Structure of the Image Field in an Aplanatic System

    B. Richards;E. Wolf

  • Principles of Optics (7th Ed)

    Max Born;Emil Wolf

  • Three-dimensional structure determination of semi-transparent objects from holographic data

    Emil Wolf

  • Coherence Properties of Optical Fields

    L. Mandel;E. Wolf

  • Introduction to the theory of coherence and polarization of light

    Emil Wolf

  • Unified theory of coherence and polarization of random electromagnetic beams

    Emil Wolf

  • Electromagnetic Diffraction in Optical Systems. I. An Integral Representation of the Image Field

    E. Wolf

  • Principles of optics. Electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and diffraction of light

    Max Born;Emil Wolf

  • CALCULUS FOR FUNCTIONS OF NONCOMMUTING OPERATORS AND GENERAL PHASE-SPACE METHODS IN QUANTUM MECHANICS. I. MAPPING THEOREMS AND ORDERING OF FUNCTIONS OF NONCOMMUTING OPERATORS.

    G. S. Agarwal;E. Wolf

  • New theory of partial coherence in the space–frequency domain. Part I: spectra and cross spectra of steady-state sources

    Emil Wolf

  • Optical Coherence and Quantum Optics

    Leonard Mandel;Emil Wolf;Pierre Meystre

  • Spreading of partially coherent beams in random media

    Greg Gbur;Emil Wolf

  • COHERENCE AND QUANTUM OPTICS

    Leonard Mandel;Emil Wolf

  • Invariance of the spectrum of light on propagation.

    Emil Wolf

  • Focal shifts in diffracted converging spherical waves

    Yajun Li;Emil Wolf

  • Mode analysis of spreading of partially coherent beams propagating through atmospheric turbulence

    Tomohiro Shirai;Aristide Dogariu;Emil Wolf

  • Spectral coherence and the concept of cross-spectral purity

    Leonard Mandel;Emil Wolf

Imed Bouchrika, PhD

Data reviewed by: Imed Bouchrika, PhD

Frequent Co-Authors

Leonard Mandel
Leonard Mandel University of Rochester
Girish S. Agarwal
Girish S. Agarwal Texas A&M University
Tarek M. Habashy
Tarek M. Habashy Schlumberger (United States)
Govind P. Agrawal
Govind P. Agrawal University of Rochester
Robert W. Boyd
Robert W. Boyd University of Ottawa
Daomu Zhao
Daomu Zhao Zhejiang University
Jannick P. Rolland
Jannick P. Rolland University of Rochester
Jean-Jacques Greffet
Jean-Jacques Greffet University of Paris-Saclay
E. C. G. Sudarshan
E. C. G. Sudarshan The University of Texas at Austin
Wayne H. Knox
Wayne H. Knox University of Rochester

External Links

Wikipedia of Emil Wolf Personal website of Emil Wolf

If you think any of the details on this page are incorrect, let us know.

Report an issue

We appreciate your kind effort to assist us to improve this page, it would be helpful providing us with as much detail as possible in the text box below:

Best Scientists Citing Emil Wolf

Colin J. R. Sheppard

Colin J. R. Sheppard

Italian Institute of Technology

Citations: 172

Daomu Zhao

Daomu Zhao

Zhejiang University

Citations: 106

Jari Turunen

Jari Turunen

University of Eastern Finland

Citations: 88

Gerd Leuchs

Gerd Leuchs

Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light

Citations: 80

Min Gu

Min Gu

University of Shanghai for Science and Technology

Citations: 58

Bahaa E. A. Saleh

Bahaa E. A. Saleh

University of Central Florida

Citations: 57

Robert W. Boyd

Robert W. Boyd

University of Ottawa

Citations: 56

Stefan W. Hell

Stefan W. Hell

Max Planck Society

Citations: 55

Leonard Mandel

Leonard Mandel

University of Rochester

Citations: 49

George Barbastathis

George Barbastathis

MIT

Citations: 47

Akhlesh Lakhtakia

Akhlesh Lakhtakia

Pennsylvania State University

Citations: 47

Girish S. Agarwal

Girish S. Agarwal

Texas A&M University

Citations: 41

Yuri S. Kivshar

Yuri S. Kivshar

Australian National University

Citations: 41

Alberto Diaspro

Alberto Diaspro

Italian Institute of Technology

Citations: 40

Marlan O. Scully

Marlan O. Scully

Texas A&M University

Citations: 40

Michael V Berry

Michael V Berry

University of Bristol

Citations: 39

Related Physics Rankings & Guides

2027 How To Become a Paleontologist? Salary & Career Paths

2027 How To Become a Paleontologist? Salary & Career Paths
2027 Fastest Online Urban Planning Degree Programs You Can Finish in Under 2 Years

2027 Fastest Online Urban Planning Degree Programs You Can Finish in Under 2 Years
2027 Admission Requirements for Physics Degree Programs

2027 Admission Requirements for Physics Degree Programs
2027 Online Photography Degree Programs for Veterans: GI Bill Benefits, Costs & Top Considerations

2027 Online Photography Degree Programs for Veterans: GI Bill Benefits, Costs & Top Considerations
2027 Most Affordable Online Space Studies Degree Programs

2027 Most Affordable Online Space Studies Degree Programs
2027 Best Online Space Studies Degree Programs

2027 Best Online Space Studies Degree Programs
2027 Online Photography Degree Programs Costs: Tuition & Fees

2027 Online Photography Degree Programs Costs: Tuition & Fees
2027 Best Online Physics Degree Programs

2027 Best Online Physics Degree Programs
2027 Most Affordable Online Physics Degree Programs

2027 Most Affordable Online Physics Degree Programs

Recently Published Articles

2027 How Long Does It Take to Earn an Online Communication Disorders Degree?

2027 How Long Does It Take to Earn an Online Communication Disorders Degree?
2027 Cheapest and Shortest Online Game Development Degree Programs That Pay Well: Cost, Duration, and Salary Outlook

2027 Cheapest and Shortest Online Game Development Degree Programs That Pay Well: Cost, Duration, and Salary Outlook
2027 Admission Requirements for Physics Degree Programs

2027 Admission Requirements for Physics Degree Programs
2027 Best Michigan Psychology Degrees Online

2027 Best Michigan Psychology Degrees Online
2027 No-Exam Online Regulatory Science & Affairs Master's Degrees: Schools, Costs & Outcomes

2027 No-Exam Online Regulatory Science & Affairs Master's Degrees: Schools, Costs & Outcomes
2027 How to Become a Special Education Teacher in San Francisco, CA: Education Requirements & Certification

2027 How to Become a Special Education Teacher in San Francisco, CA: Education Requirements & Certification
2027 How to Become a Psychiatric Technician: Education, Salary, and Job Outlook

2027 How to Become a Psychiatric Technician: Education, Salary, and Job Outlook
2027 Best Jobs for Trade School Graduates: Guide to Career Paths, Options & Salary

2027 Best Jobs for Trade School Graduates: Guide to Career Paths, Options & Salary
2027 How to Pay for a Clinical Mental Health Counseling Master's Degree with Financial Aid

2027 How to Pay for a Clinical Mental Health Counseling Master's Degree with Financial Aid
2027 How to Become a Substance Abuse Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA: Requirements & Certification

2027 How to Become a Substance Abuse Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA: Requirements & Certification
2027 Best AI Bachelor's Degrees for AI Governance Careers

2027 Best AI Bachelor's Degrees for AI Governance Careers
2027 Highest Paying Careers With an Elementary Education Bachelor's Degree

2027 Highest Paying Careers With an Elementary Education Bachelor's Degree
2027 Fastest Growing Psychology Major Jobs

2027 Fastest Growing Psychology Major Jobs
2027 Intelligence Degree Master's Programs You Can Start Without Meeting All Requirements

2027 Intelligence Degree Master's Programs You Can Start Without Meeting All Requirements
2027 What Prerequisites Do You Need for a Biomedical Sciences Master's Degree? Entry Requirements, Credits & Eligibility Rules

2027 What Prerequisites Do You Need for a Biomedical Sciences Master's Degree? Entry Requirements, Credits & Eligibility Rules
2027 What Prerequisites Do You Need for an Ultrasound Technology Degree? Entry Requirements, Credits & Eligibility Rules

2027 What Prerequisites Do You Need for an Ultrasound Technology Degree? Entry Requirements, Credits & Eligibility Rules
2027 Cheapest Way to Get a Teaching Credential in Chandler, AZ: Degree Requirements & Certification

2027 Cheapest Way to Get a Teaching Credential in Chandler, AZ: Degree Requirements & Certification
2027 Best Nursing Schools in Houston, TX – Accredited Nursing Degree Programs Online

2027 Best Nursing Schools in Houston, TX – Accredited Nursing Degree Programs Online
2027 Early Childhood Education Affordability by State: Where Students Pay the Most and Least

2027 Early Childhood Education Affordability by State: Where Students Pay the Most and Least
2027 Governance, Risk, and Compliance Careers: Skills, Education, Salary & Job Outlook

2027 Governance, Risk, and Compliance Careers: Skills, Education, Salary & Job Outlook
2027 Accredited Online Public Health Degree Programs With No GRE or GMAT Requirements

2027 Accredited Online Public Health Degree Programs With No GRE or GMAT Requirements