2026 How to Become a Criminal Psychologist in Vermont

by Imed Bouchrika, PhD

Co-Founder and Chief Data Scientist

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Becoming a criminal psychologist in Vermont is a long-term professional path for people who want to apply psychology inside courts, correctional facilities, law enforcement agencies, victim services, and rehabilitation programs. The need is not abstract: the Vermont Prison Climate Survey found that 51% of incarcerated respondents reported severe psychological distress while in prison, and the system has also faced staffing shortages (Crocker & Fox, 2024). For future psychologists, that means the work can be clinically demanding, legally complex, and socially important.

This guide explains how to become a criminal psychologist in Vermont, including the education path, licensure process, supervised experience, internships, salary expectations, job outlook, work settings, and practical ways to choose a program. It is written for high school students planning a psychology major, college students considering forensic or criminal psychology, career changers, and graduate students comparing Vermont licensing requirements.

You will also learn how to evaluate whether this path fits your goals, what mistakes to avoid, how advanced training can strengthen your career options, and what questions to ask before committing to a degree program.

Quick Answer: How Do You Become a Criminal Psychologist in Vermont?

To become a criminal psychologist in Vermont, you generally need a strong psychology foundation, graduate-level training, supervised clinical experience, and state licensure through the Vermont Office of Professional Regulation. Many professionals begin with a bachelor’s degree in psychology, forensic psychology, sociology, criminology, or a related field, then complete a master’s or doctoral program that supports psychological assessment, clinical practice, and work with justice-involved populations.

• Vermont requires 4,000 hours of supervised practice for licensure, with at least half completed after earning an advanced degree.
• Candidates must pass the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP).
• Applications are submitted online through the Vermont Office of Professional Regulation, and background checks are required.
• The job outlook for psychologists in Vermont is projected to grow by 8% between 2020 and 2030, with approximately 20 total job openings each year.
• Criminal psychologists in Vermont earn approximately $95,950 to $98,684 annually on average, while clinical and counseling psychologists range from $52,230 at the 10th percentile to $143,390 at the 90th percentile.

1. Academic requirements for criminal psychologists in Vermont
2. Best undergraduate majors for this career path
3. How to choose a criminal psychology program in Vermont
4. Steps to obtain Vermont psychology licensure
5. Internship and field experience opportunities
6. Job outlook for criminal psychologists in Vermont
7. Criminal psychologist salary in Vermont
8. Challenges criminal psychologists face in Vermont
9. Interdisciplinary collaboration in criminal psychology
10. How advanced education can support career growth
11. The value of forensic science training
12. Applied behavior analysis training for criminal psychologists
13. Certifications that may strengthen your career
14. Continuing education and license renewal
15. How Vermont regulations affect practice
16. Working with substance abuse counselors
17. Soft skills needed in criminal psychology
18. Technology trends changing the field
19. Common workplaces for criminal psychologists
20. Advanced career roles in Vermont
21. Professional resources in Vermont
22. Career reflections from criminal psychologists
23. Other important things to know before choosing this path
24. Is Vermont a good state for criminal psychologists?

What are the academic requirements to become a criminal psychologist in Vermont?

Criminal psychology sits at the intersection of clinical psychology, behavioral assessment, criminal justice, and law. In Vermont, the education pathway should prepare you for two realities at the same time: you need the clinical competence expected of a licensed psychology professional, and you need enough justice-system knowledge to work responsibly with defendants, incarcerated people, victims, attorneys, courts, and correctional teams.

The required academic route depends partly on the type of license and role you pursue, but most aspiring criminal psychologists move through the following stages.

A bachelor’s degree alone is not enough for independent practice as a criminal psychologist. It can, however, qualify you for related entry-level roles in human services, victim services, correctional support, case management, research assistance, or criminal justice agencies while you prepare for graduate school.

One Vermont-based professional described the path this way: “I began with sociology because I wanted to understand systems, inequality, and the social forces behind crime. Graduate psychology training was much more demanding because it added assessment, clinical work, and research expectations. The hardest part was learning to think like both a clinician and a justice-system professional, but that combination is exactly what I use now when working with people involved in the courts or corrections.”

What undergraduate majors are recommended for aspiring criminal psychologists in Vermont?

The best undergraduate major is the one that prepares you for graduate-level psychology while also exposing you to the criminal justice system. Psychology is the most direct option, but it is not the only useful route. Students who major in sociology, criminology, forensic science, or criminal justice can still become competitive applicants if they complete the psychology prerequisites expected by graduate programs.

If you do not major in psychology, plan your electives carefully. Graduate psychology programs often expect coursework in statistics, research methods, abnormal psychology, developmental psychology, personality, cognitive psychology, and biological bases of behavior. Strong writing and data-analysis skills also matter because criminal psychologists write reports, explain findings, and may communicate with legal professionals.

A practitioner in Vermont reflected: “My psychology major gave me the theory, but my criminal justice coursework showed me how that theory appears in courtrooms, probation offices, and correctional settings. The most useful classes were not always the easiest ones. Research methods, legal procedures, and criminal profiling pushed me to become more precise in how I write, speak, and make clinical judgments.”

What should students look for in a criminal psychology program in Vermont?

Choosing a program should not start with a school’s name alone. For this career, you need to ask whether the program can actually move you toward licensure, supervised experience, and the kind of forensic or correctional work you want to do. A program that sounds interesting but lacks clinical training, appropriate accreditation, or field placements may create problems later.

Vermont had approximately 4,938 individuals under its criminal legal system, which makes workforce preparation especially relevant for students interested in mental health, reentry, and correctional care. A strong program should connect coursework with practice and help students understand the realities of small-state systems, rural access issues, and multidisciplinary collaboration.

One Vermont psychologist offered this advice: “I chose my program because it combined research expectations with practical access to professionals working in forensic and correctional settings. The faculty support mattered most during difficult courses and field placements. Students should look for a program that fits their licensing goals, not just one that uses the word forensic in a course title.”

What are the steps for obtaining licensure as a criminal psychologist in Vermont?

Licensure is the point where your education, supervised experience, examination performance, ethics, and background review come together. Vermont’s process is designed to make sure psychology professionals are prepared to evaluate, diagnose, treat, document, and practice safely with clients, including people involved in the criminal justice system.

1. Complete the required graduate education. Choose a psychology pathway that supports the license and work setting you want. Students aiming for advanced clinical practice should pay close attention to APA accreditation and licensure compatibility.
2. Accumulate supervised practice hours. Vermont requires 4,000 hours of supervised practice. At least half of those hours must be completed after earning an advanced degree.
3. Prepare for and pass the EPPP. The Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology evaluates core professional knowledge across major areas of psychology.
4. Submit your application online. Applications go through the Vermont Office of Professional Regulation.
5. Complete the background check process. Vermont requires background review as part of professional licensing.
6. Keep documentation organized. Maintain records of degrees, supervision, hours, supervisor credentials, exam results, and any correspondence with the licensing board.

Vermont’s system is notable because it offers licensure pathways at both the master’s and doctoral levels, while many states require a doctoral degree for psychologist licensure. Students should still verify the exact license category, scope of practice, and supervision expectations before choosing a program or relocating from another state.

The need for qualified mental health professionals is visible in correctional settings. Among inmates, 66% experienced anxiety, 64% faced depression, 55% dealt with PTSD, and 17% struggled with substance abuse. These conditions make criminal psychology work clinically serious and ethically demanding. Students who want a stronger evidence and investigation background may also compare forensic science degree programs as a complementary academic option.

This chart shows psychology specializations associated with the highest pay.

Are there internship opportunities for criminal psychologists in Vermont?

Internships, practica, and supervised placements are critical because criminal psychology cannot be learned only through textbooks. Students need experience with real clients, legal documentation, multidisciplinary teams, ethical boundaries, and the emotional weight of justice-system work.

In Vermont, students may find relevant experience through legal agencies, correctional facilities, community programs, and victim-support organizations. Availability can vary by year, degree level, background check requirements, and institutional partnerships, so students should contact both their school and the organization early.

• Vermont Office of the Defender General: Students interested in the overlap between psychology and legal defense may gain exposure to client interviews, case preparation, forensic questions, and the practical needs of people facing criminal charges.
• Chittenden Regional Correctional Center: Because this facility serves female inmates, placements may introduce students to correctional mental health, trauma-informed care, assessment, and rehabilitative programming.
• Vermont Department of Corrections: Experience with probation, parole, and correctional professionals can help students understand risk assessment, reentry planning, treatment compliance, and community supervision.
• Vermont Center for Crime Victim Services: Students can learn about trauma, victim advocacy, crisis response, and the psychological effects of crime on individuals and families.

Before accepting a placement, ask who will supervise you, whether the hours count toward degree or licensing requirements, what client populations you will work with, and what safety training is provided. If you are comparing justice-related career outcomes, reviewing criminal justice degree salary options can help you understand how psychology roles differ from broader criminal justice careers.

What is the job outlook for criminal psychologists in Vermont?

The employment outlook for psychologists in Vermont is positive but should be understood realistically. The employment rate for psychologists is projected to increase by 8% between 2020 and 2030, with approximately 20 total job openings each year. In a small state, that means opportunities exist, but networking, supervised experience, and specialization can matter a great deal.

Demand is shaped by several factors: correctional mental health needs, public attention to rehabilitation, the relationship between mental health and criminal behavior, and the need for qualified evaluators in legal and clinical settings. However, Vermont’s small population and rural geography can also limit the number of openings in any single city or agency.

A Vermont criminal psychologist summarized the early-career reality this way: “My first role involved juvenile justice assessments and counseling. The market was not huge, so my internship contacts helped me get noticed. Over time, that experience led to supervisory work and policy involvement. In Vermont, relationships and relevant field experience can be just as important as the degree itself.”

This chart presents the gender breakdown among forensic psychologists.

How much do criminal psychologists in Vermont make?

Criminal psychologists in Vermont earn approximately $95,950 to $98,684 per year on average (ZipRecruiter, 2024; Vermont Department of Labor, 2023). For clinical and counseling psychologists, earnings range from $52,230 at the 10th percentile to $143,390 at the 90th percentile. Actual pay depends on employer type, location, experience, credentials, specialization, and whether the psychologist works in government, healthcare, private practice, consulting, or academia.

Private practice may offer higher income potential for some professionals, but it can also bring less predictable revenue, business expenses, insurance considerations, and referral-building demands. Government or institutional roles may offer more stable caseloads and benefits but less control over schedule and setting.

Students comparing related paths should understand how criminal psychology overlaps with forensic psychology. A guide to forensic psychology criminal justice can help clarify the differences among court evaluation, correctional treatment, expert testimony, and broader legal-system consulting.

What challenges do criminal psychologists face in Vermont?

Criminal psychologists in Vermont often work with high-need clients in systems that may have limited staffing, rural access barriers, and complex legal requirements. Common challenges include large caseloads, limited treatment resources, confidentiality questions, safety concerns, documentation pressure, and the emotional demands of working with trauma, violence, substance use, and severe mental illness.

Another challenge is role clarity. A psychologist may be asked to support treatment, complete assessments, communicate with attorneys, advise correctional staff, or explain findings to courts. Each task has different ethical obligations. Professionals must be clear about who the client is, what information can be shared, and whether they are acting as a therapist, evaluator, consultant, or expert witness.

Students can prepare by building a strong ethics foundation, seeking supervision from experienced forensic or correctional professionals, and choosing programs that understand Vermont’s practice environment. Comparing psychology colleges in Vermont can be a useful first step for students who want in-state academic options.

How can criminal psychologists in Vermont foster interdisciplinary collaboration?

Criminal psychologists rarely work alone. Effective practice often requires coordination with attorneys, judges, probation officers, parole officers, correctional staff, psychiatrists, social workers, substance abuse counselors, victim advocates, and family-support professionals. Collaboration is especially important in Vermont because clients may move between correctional facilities, community supervision, treatment programs, and rural service networks.

Good collaboration starts with clear communication. Psychologists should define their role, explain the limits of confidentiality, document recommendations in practical language, and respect the expertise of other professionals. They should also understand family systems when reentry, custody, housing, or interpersonal conflict affects rehabilitation. Students interested in that side of care may find value in learning how to become a marriage and family therapist in Vermont.

How can advanced education influence career success in Vermont's criminal psychology field?

Advanced education can expand what a criminal psychologist is qualified to do. Graduate and doctoral study can strengthen assessment skills, clinical reasoning, research literacy, supervision capacity, and leadership potential. It can also help professionals move into specialized roles such as forensic assessment, correctional program leadership, expert consultation, teaching, or policy-focused work.

A criminal psychology degree may be useful for students who want a structured path into the field, but the degree should still be evaluated carefully. Ask whether it supports licensure, supervised experience, research opportunities, and the settings where you want to work. A degree title alone does not guarantee eligibility for independent clinical practice.

Can complementary forensic science training boost a criminal psychologist's effectiveness?

Forensic science training can help criminal psychologists understand how behavioral findings fit into broader investigations. While psychologists do not replace forensic scientists, familiarity with evidence, crime scene procedures, and investigative methods can improve communication with law enforcement, attorneys, and forensic teams.

This training may be especially useful for professionals interested in criminal profiling, trial consultation, investigative support, or cases where psychological analysis interacts with physical evidence. Students who want a stronger science-based background can explore what is required to pursue a forensic science degree in Vermont.

How can further training in applied behavioral analysis benefit criminal psychologists in Vermont?

Applied behavior analysis can add practical tools for observing behavior, identifying patterns, designing interventions, and measuring change. In correctional and rehabilitation settings, those skills can support behavior plans, treatment engagement, and structured interventions for clients with complex behavioral needs.

ABA is not a substitute for criminal psychology training, but it can complement clinical and forensic practice when used appropriately. Professionals interested in formal ABA coursework may compare ABA masters programs online to determine whether the curriculum fits their current license, goals, and client population.

Can additional certifications enhance your career?

Additional certifications can strengthen a criminal psychologist’s skill set when they align with actual practice needs. Useful areas may include risk assessment, trauma-informed care, substance-use treatment, crisis intervention, forensic evaluation, correctional mental health, or applied behavior analysis. The key is to avoid collecting credentials that look impressive but do not improve competence or meet employer needs.

For professionals interested in behavior analysis, Research.com’s guide on how to become a board certified behavior analyst in Vermont explains one structured credential path. Before enrolling in any certification program, verify prerequisites, supervision requirements, cost, renewal rules, and whether the credential is recognized by employers in your target setting.

What are the continuing education and licensure renewal requirements for criminal psychologists in Vermont?

Criminal psychologists in Vermont must keep their licenses current and remain informed about changes in ethics, law, assessment, diagnosis, treatment, telehealth, and professional standards. Continuing education is not just an administrative requirement; it is part of maintaining competence in a field where legal and clinical expectations can change.

Because renewal rules can change, psychologists should check the Vermont Office of Professional Regulation for current requirements before each renewal period. They should also keep certificates, course descriptions, transcripts, and documentation of completed continuing education. Professionals comparing related helping professions may find it useful to review social worker education requirements in Vermont to understand how training and renewal expectations differ across fields.

How do Vermont’s regulatory policies impact criminal psychology practice?

Vermont’s licensing and regulatory policies shape how criminal psychologists practice, document services, protect confidentiality, use telepsychology, supervise trainees, and respond to legal requests. These rules also influence what services a professional may provide independently and when consultation or referral is necessary.

Regulatory awareness is particularly important in criminal justice settings because psychologists may receive requests from courts, attorneys, correctional staff, or law enforcement. Professionals need to understand informed consent, privilege, mandated reporting, recordkeeping, evaluation boundaries, and conflicts of interest. For a detailed licensing overview, review the Vermont psychology license requirements.

Staying current with state rules helps psychologists reduce legal risk, protect clients, and maintain professional credibility in high-stakes cases.

Can criminal psychologists partner with substance abuse counselors to enhance rehabilitation outcomes?

Yes. Collaboration with substance abuse counselors can improve rehabilitation planning because many justice-involved clients have overlapping mental health, trauma, behavioral, and substance-use needs. A psychologist may provide assessment, diagnosis, risk evaluation, or therapy, while a substance abuse counselor may focus on addiction treatment, relapse prevention, group counseling, and recovery planning.

This partnership can be especially valuable in correctional facilities, probation and parole settings, reentry programs, and community treatment. Students interested in this related pathway can learn how to become a substance abuse counselor in Vermont.

What soft skills are crucial for success as a criminal psychologist in Vermont?

Technical training matters, but soft skills often determine whether a criminal psychologist can function effectively in difficult settings. The work requires calm communication, emotional steadiness, ethical judgment, cultural humility, and the ability to explain complex psychological findings to non-psychologists.

• Clear communication: Reports and testimony must be understandable, accurate, and defensible.
• Empathy with boundaries: Clients may have trauma histories, but professionals must still maintain role clarity and safety.
• Conflict management: Psychologists may work with distressed clients, adversarial legal teams, or tense institutional environments.
• Analytical thinking: Assessment requires careful interpretation of behavior, records, interviews, testing, and collateral information.
• Stress tolerance: Exposure to violence, trauma, and legal pressure can lead to burnout without strong coping strategies.
• Collaboration: Effective work depends on respectful coordination with legal, correctional, medical, and social-service professionals.

Students who want a faster entry into counseling-related work before committing to a full psychology pathway may compare the fastest way to become a counselor in Vermont, while keeping in mind that counseling roles and criminal psychologist roles have different scopes of practice.

How is emerging technology transforming criminal psychology in Vermont?

Technology is changing how criminal psychologists assess clients, manage cases, communicate with teams, and deliver services across rural areas. Telepsychology can help reduce geographic barriers, especially when clients or providers are far from major service centers. Secure digital records and virtual consultation tools can also improve coordination among agencies when used appropriately.

At the same time, technology brings new responsibilities. Psychologists must protect confidentiality, understand telehealth rules, evaluate whether remote services are clinically appropriate, and avoid overreliance on digital tools or AI-supported assessments without professional judgment. Technology can support practice, but it cannot replace ethical reasoning, clinical training, or careful documentation.

Students interested in how technology appears in other psychology fields can also explore how to become a school psychologist in Vermont, where assessment, consultation, and remote service delivery may also be relevant.

Where do criminal psychologists in Vermont typically work?

Criminal psychologists in Vermont may work in correctional institutions, courts, law enforcement settings, mental health agencies, private practice, universities, victim services, restorative justice programs, or consulting roles. The right workplace depends on whether you prefer direct therapy, evaluation, research, policy, supervision, or legal consultation.

Examples of relevant Vermont settings include the Vermont Northeast Correctional Facility, Burlington Police Department, Vermont State Police, and programs connected with the Vermont Department of Corrections. Students comparing forensic and criminal psychology workplaces may also review where forensic psychologists work.

What types of advanced roles can criminal psychologists explore in Vermont?

With experience, licensure, supervision, and specialized training, criminal psychologists in Vermont may move into advanced roles that involve leadership, assessment, court consultation, research, or program design. These roles usually require strong documentation skills, ethical judgment, and a track record of effective collaboration.

• Forensic Psychologist: Applies psychological principles to legal questions, court-related evaluations, correctional cases, or attorney consultation.
• Chief Psychologist: Oversees psychological services, supervises staff, manages quality of care, and helps set clinical standards in an institution or agency.
• Criminal Profiler: Analyzes behavioral patterns and psychological indicators that may assist investigations.
• Drug Abuse Program Coordinator: Leads substance-use intervention programs in correctional or community settings.
• Researcher in Criminal Psychology: Studies topics such as offender rehabilitation, risk assessment, correctional mental health, trauma, or justice-system outcomes, including possible collaborations with institutions such as the University of Vermont.

Advanced career paths can be rewarding, but they often require more than years of experience. You may need specialized supervision, research experience, publication history, administrative skills, expert testimony experience, or advanced credentials. Students comparing long-term options can review the best forensic psychology careers to see how related roles differ.

What professional resources are available to criminal psychologists in Vermont?

Professional organizations, workshops, university lectures, and forensic training programs help criminal psychologists stay current and connected. This matters in Vermont because a smaller professional community can make networking, referrals, supervision, and continuing education especially important.

• Vermont Psychological Association (VPA): Offers professional community, conferences, and opportunities to learn from psychologists across specialties, including those whose work overlaps with forensic or criminal justice issues.
• Vermont Forensic Assessment, PLLC: Provides specialized training connected to forensic evaluations, risk assessment, and applied forensic practice.
• University of Vermont: Hosts seminars, lectures, and academic events that may address psychology, mental health, legal systems, and related research topics.

A Vermont criminal psychologist explained the value of professional networks this way: “The most useful support has come from colleagues who understand both the clinical and legal pressures of the work. Training sessions helped me stay current, but professional relationships helped me handle difficult cases, ethical questions, and the emotional strain of the job.”

What criminal psychologists in Vermont say about their careers

• “When I entered criminal psychology, I expected to learn about criminal behavior. I did not expect the work to change how I understood trauma, responsibility, and human decision-making. Vermont’s smaller professional community helped me find mentors who were willing to share practical guidance.” - Leslie
• “Building a career in Vermont took patience because the field is smaller than in many states. As more attention turned to mental health in the justice system, I found opportunities to use my skills in ways that affected both clients and policy conversations.” - Tristen
• “Criminal psychology in Vermont has allowed me to work across clinical and legal settings. Court-related work and expert consultation can be intense, but the field keeps challenging me to grow and stay careful in every opinion I offer.” - Amir

Common mistakes to avoid when pursuing criminal psychology in Vermont

• Choosing a program based only on the title. A “forensic” or “criminal psychology” label does not automatically mean the program supports licensure.
• Ignoring accreditation. APA accreditation can matter for doctoral training, internships, employment, and licensure preparation.
• Underestimating supervised hours. Vermont requires 4,000 hours, so students should understand how hours are documented and approved.
• Looking only at tuition. The real cost includes fees, transportation, housing, books, lost work time, and time to completion.
• Assuming online programs meet Vermont requirements. Always verify whether an online or out-of-state program aligns with Vermont licensing rules.
• Waiting too long to get field experience. Internships and volunteer work help confirm whether you can handle justice-system environments.
• Assuming salary outcomes are guaranteed. Reported averages are useful, but pay depends on location, employer, experience, and specialization.
• Overlooking emotional demands. Criminal psychology involves trauma, risk, legal pressure, and ethical complexity. Burnout prevention should start early.

Questions to ask before choosing this career path

• Do I want to provide therapy, conduct evaluations, consult with courts, work in corrections, or do research?
• Am I prepared for graduate school, supervised practice, licensing exams, and continuing education?
• Can I handle emotionally difficult material, including trauma, violence, incarceration, and victimization?
• Does my target degree program clearly support Vermont licensure?
• Will I have access to forensic, correctional, victim services, or criminal justice placements?
• How will I finance tuition that may range between $17,489 and $60,000 annually?
• Am I willing to work in rural or underserved areas if opportunities are limited in my preferred location?
• Do I understand the difference between criminal psychology, forensic psychology, counseling, social work, and criminal justice roles?

Is Vermont a good place for criminal psychologists?

Vermont can be a strong place to build a criminal psychology career if you are interested in mental health, corrections, rehabilitation, rural service delivery, and close professional networks. The state’s projected 8% employment growth for psychologists between 2020 and 2030, combined with documented mental health needs in correctional settings, points to continued demand for qualified professionals.

However, students should be realistic. Vermont is a small state, and there may be fewer openings than in larger metropolitan markets. Career success may depend on internship experience, professional relationships, willingness to work across settings, and careful alignment between education and licensure requirements.

Key Insights

• Criminal psychology in Vermont requires serious preparation: graduate education, supervised practice, licensure, ethical training, and experience with justice-involved populations.
• Vermont requires 4,000 supervised practice hours, with at least half completed after earning an advanced degree, and candidates must pass the EPPP.
• Psychology is the most direct undergraduate major, but sociology, forensic science, criminology, and criminal justice can also support the path if students complete psychology prerequisites.
• Program choice should be based on accreditation, licensure alignment, field placements, faculty expertise, cost, and specialization options—not marketing language.
• Criminal psychologists in Vermont earn approximately $95,950 to $98,684 annually on average, but pay varies by location, employer, experience, and role.
• The projected 8% growth rate between 2020 and 2030 suggests opportunity, but Vermont’s small job market makes networking and internships especially important.
• The strongest candidates build both clinical competence and justice-system fluency, including knowledge of corrections, courts, trauma, substance use, risk assessment, and rehabilitation.
• Technology, telepsychology, interdisciplinary care, and substance-use collaboration are increasingly important for serving Vermont’s rural and correctional populations.
• This career is best suited for people who can combine empathy with boundaries, clinical judgment with legal awareness, and long-term professional discipline with emotional resilience.

References

• Crocker, A., & Fox, K. (2024). Vermont Prison Climate Survey. Prison Research and Innovation Network. https://www.uvm.edu/d10-files/documents/2024-08/2024_vtprin_fullresults.pdf
• Prison Policy Initiative. (2023). Punishment Beyond Prisons 2023: Incarceration and Supervision by State, Appendix. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/correctionalcontrol2023_data_appendix.html
• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2024, April 3). May 2023 state occupational employment and wage estimates - Vermont. Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_vt.htm
• Vermont Department of Labor. (2023). Occupation Profile. http://www.vtlmi.info/occupation.cfm
• Vermont Secretary of State. (n.d.). Psychological Examiner Applications & Renewals. Office of Professional Regulation - Board of Psychological Examiners. https://sos.vermont.gov/psychological-examiners/apply-renew
• ZipRecruiter. (2024, November 18). Criminal Psychologist Salary in Vermont. Retrieved November 26, 2024, from https://www.ziprecruiter.com/Salaries/Criminal-Psychologist-Salary--in-Vermont