2027 Different Types of Pharmacy Doctorate Degrees: PhD, DBA, EdD, DNP, PsyD, and Professional Doctorate Paths
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Choosing a pharmacy doctorate is really a career-direction decision: research, patient care, leadership, education, nursing practice, or behavioral health. The U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported a 2024 median annual wage of $137,480 for pharmacists, but the best doctorate depends on much more than salary. This guide is for PharmD students, working pharmacists, science graduates, and health professionals comparing PhD, DBA, EdD, DNP, PsyD, and professional doctorate paths. You will learn how each degree differs in purpose, training model, outcomes, and fit so you can choose a path that matches your goals.
Key Things You Should Know
- A PharmD is the main U.S. professional doctorate for pharmacist licensure, while a PhD in pharmacy or pharmaceutical sciences is usually the strongest fit for research-intensive academic, industry, or laboratory careers.
- DBA, EdD, DNP, and PsyD degrees are not interchangeable with pharmacy doctorates: a DBA fits healthcare business leadership, an EdD fits pharmacy education and academic administration, a DNP fits licensed nursing practice, and a PsyD fits clinical psychology practice.
- Cost and financing can materially affect ROI: federal graduate Direct Unsubsidized Loans are capped at $20,500 per academic year, so longer doctoral paths may require institutional funding, employer support, assistantships, savings, or Grad PLUS/private borrowing.
What Are the Different Types of Pharmacy Doctorate Degrees?
The phrase "pharmacy doctorate" can mean several different things, but only one degree is the standard entry-level professional doctorate for pharmacists in the United States: the Doctor of Pharmacy, or PharmD. Other doctorates may be useful after or alongside pharmacy training, but they serve different academic, clinical, research, or leadership purposes.
If your priority is pharmacist licensure, start by understanding PharmD program accreditation, experiential requirements, and state board rules; students comparing flexible formats often research an online pharmacy school to evaluate cost and delivery options before applying.
The table below separates pharmacy-specific doctoral options from adjacent doctorates that may support specialized career goals. This distinction matters because degree title alone does not determine whether you can become licensed, teach, lead, prescribe, counsel, or conduct independent research.
| Doctorate type | Primary focus | Typical pharmacy relevance | Best fit |
| PharmD | Professional pharmacy practice | Required pathway for pharmacist licensure in the U.S. | Students who want to become practicing pharmacists |
| PhD in Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology, or related field | Original research and scholarship | Research, academia, drug discovery, pharmacometrics, outcomes research, regulatory science | Students who want to create new knowledge rather than primarily deliver patient care |
| DBA | Applied business research and executive leadership | Pharmacy operations, healthcare management, pharmaceutical business strategy, payer or supply-chain leadership | Experienced pharmacists moving into senior administrative or corporate roles |
| EdD | Applied education leadership | Pharmacy curriculum design, student affairs, assessment, faculty development, academic administration | Pharmacists who want to lead educational programs or improve teaching systems |
| DNP | Advanced nursing practice and clinical leadership | Relevant only for licensed nurses or dual-trained clinicians, not a substitute for a PharmD | RNs or APRNs pursuing advanced nursing practice leadership |
| PsyD | Clinical psychology practice | Useful for behavioral health careers, medication adherence, integrated care, or psychopharmacology-adjacent work, but not pharmacy licensure | Students seeking psychology licensure and patient-facing mental health practice |
| DrPH, DHSc, or similar professional health doctorates | Applied public health or health science leadership | Population health, health policy, implementation science, outcomes, quality improvement | Pharmacy professionals focused on systems, policy, or interdisciplinary health leadership |
The key takeaway is that "doctor" does not mean the same preparation across fields. A PharmD prepares you to meet pharmacist licensure requirements, a PhD prepares you to conduct research, and applied professional doctorates prepare you to solve advanced practice, leadership, or education problems in a defined professional setting.
What Is the Difference Between a PhD and a Professional Doctorate in Pharmacy?
A PhD is a research doctorate. Its purpose is to train scholars who can ask original questions, design rigorous studies, produce publishable research, and contribute new knowledge to pharmacy, pharmaceutical sciences, pharmacology, health outcomes, or related fields.
A professional doctorate is designed around advanced practice. In pharmacy, the PharmD is the major professional doctorate because it prepares students for pharmacist licensure and patient-care responsibilities. Other professional doctorates, such as the DBA, EdD, DNP, PsyD, DrPH, and DHSc, focus on applied leadership, education, nursing, psychology, public health, or health science problems rather than pharmacy licensure.
Students comparing a practice-oriented PharmD with research-focused or hybrid doctoral options may also review a broader online pharmacy school guide to understand how delivery format, accreditation, and experiential training affect program choice.
The table below summarizes the practical differences that most strongly affect your decision. Use it to clarify whether you want your doctoral work to produce new scholarship, prepare you for licensed professional practice, or strengthen applied leadership in a real-world health setting.
| Factor | PhD | Professional doctorate |
| Main purpose | Generate original research | Apply advanced knowledge to professional practice |
| Common pharmacy examples | PhD in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology, Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutics, Health Outcomes Research | PharmD, DBA, EdD, DNP, PsyD, DrPH, DHSc |
| Final project | Dissertation based on original research | Often a capstone, applied project, clinical project, dissertation-in-practice, or practice portfolio; requirements vary |
| Career direction | Faculty research, industry science, government research, academic leadership, scientific consulting | Clinical practice, healthcare leadership, education administration, advanced nursing, psychology practice, public health leadership |
| Funding pattern | More likely to offer assistantships or stipends in research-intensive programs | More likely to be self-funded, employer-funded, or loan-funded, though exceptions exist |
| Licensure effect | Usually does not grant pharmacist licensure by itself | May be tied to licensure in specific fields, such as PharmD, DNP, or PsyD, depending on state and program requirements |
A common mistake is choosing a PhD because it sounds more prestigious, or choosing a professional doctorate because it sounds more practical. The better question is whether your future work depends on independent research competence, a licensed professional scope of practice, or applied leadership authority.
What Is a PhD in Pharmacy and Who Should Pursue One?
A PhD in pharmacy-related fields is best for students who want to become researchers, scholars, or scientific leaders. Depending on the program, the degree may be housed in pharmaceutical sciences, pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, pharmaceutics, pharmacogenomics, pharmacoeconomics, regulatory science, health outcomes, or translational science.
The 2024 median annual wage for medical scientists was $100,590 according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, a useful benchmark for students considering biomedical research careers. It should not be read as a guaranteed outcome, because PhD career paths vary widely by sector, grant funding, publication record, research area, and whether the role is in academia, government, industry, or consulting.
A PhD may make sense if your goals match the work the degree actually trains you to do. The following signs point toward a strong fit:
- You want to design studies, analyze data, publish research, and contribute new knowledge to pharmaceutical or health science fields.
- You are interested in tenure-track faculty roles, postdoctoral research, pharmaceutical industry science, government research, regulatory science, or evidence-generation roles.
- You are comfortable with a dissertation process that may require years of sustained investigation, methods training, grant writing, and peer-reviewed scholarship.
- You prefer depth in a scientific question over broad preparation for direct patient-care practice.
A PhD may not be the right choice if your main goal is to become a licensed pharmacist, manage a pharmacy department, or improve pharmacy education practice without doing research as a central part of your career. In those cases, a PharmD, DBA, EdD, or health-focused professional doctorate may offer a more direct route.
When evaluating PhD programs, look beyond the degree title. Stronger indicators include faculty mentors in your research area, lab or data access, assistantship funding, publication expectations, placement outcomes, and whether graduates move into the kinds of roles you want.
How Does a DBA Compare With a PhD for Pharmacy Professionals?
A Doctor of Business Administration, or DBA, is an applied business doctorate. For pharmacy professionals, it is usually most relevant after clinical or operational experience, especially for pharmacists moving into executive leadership, pharmacy benefit management, pharmaceutical business strategy, health-system administration, entrepreneurship, or supply-chain leadership.
The BLS reported a 2024 median annual wage of $117,960 for medical and health services managers, which helps explain why business-oriented doctorates appeal to some clinicians. The number is a labor-market reference point, not a DBA-specific salary projection, because leadership compensation depends heavily on organization type, location, responsibility level, and prior experience.
The practical difference is that a PhD asks, "What new knowledge can I produce?" A DBA asks, "What evidence-based solution can I apply to a complex business problem?" For a pharmacist, that problem might involve medication access, workflow redesign, specialty pharmacy strategy, formulary economics, payer contracting, or digital pharmacy operations.
Use the following comparison to decide whether the DBA or PhD better matches your work:
- Choose a PhD if you want research training deep enough for academic scholarship, laboratory science, outcomes research, or a research-heavy industry role.
- Choose a DBA if you already have professional experience and want to use applied research to solve leadership, strategy, finance, operations, or organizational problems.
- Avoid a DBA if your goal is pharmacist licensure, because it does not replace a PharmD or state board requirements.
- Avoid a PhD if you do not want original research, statistical or scientific methods training, and a dissertation-driven doctoral experience.
Strong DBA candidates often have several years of professional experience and a clear organizational problem they want to study. Before enrolling, ask whether the program has healthcare faculty, dissertation or project support in health systems, and alumni working in roles similar to your target job.
When Is an EdD the Right Doctorate Path for Pharmacy Professionals?
An EdD can be a strong fit for pharmacists who want to lead learning systems rather than laboratory research. It is especially relevant for academic administrators, experiential education leaders, residency program directors, assessment specialists, interprofessional education coordinators, and faculty members focused on teaching improvement.
Postsecondary teaching remains a major route for advanced-degree holders; the BLS reported a 2024 median annual wage of $83,980 for postsecondary teachers. For pharmacy professionals, this figure is only a broad education-sector reference because pharmacy faculty pay can differ by institution type, clinical specialty, rank, practice site, and grant or administrative responsibilities.
Pharmacy educators who work across wellness, prevention, or interprofessional health instruction may also compare adjacent health-education pathways, such as an online exercise science degree, to understand how online health curricula are structured, though those programs do not replace pharmacy doctoral training.
An EdD is typically a better choice than a PhD when your main question is not "What theory can I build?" but "How can I improve educational outcomes in a real institution?" Typical EdD projects may examine curriculum redesign, learner assessment, clinical preceptor training, simulation-based education, academic support, diversity initiatives, or competency-based learning.
Consider an EdD if the following conditions apply:
- You want to lead pharmacy education programs, not primarily run a research lab.
- You are interested in applied inquiry, program evaluation, assessment, policy, and organizational change.
- You want a doctoral project or dissertation-in-practice that addresses a real educational problem in your school, residency program, health system, or professional organization.
- You already have a pharmacy, health, teaching, or administrative background that gives you access to educational settings where you can apply the work.
The most important red flag is assuming that an EdD automatically qualifies you for every faculty role. Research universities may still prefer or require a PhD for research-intensive tenure-track positions, while pharmacy practice departments may prioritize PharmD credentials, residency training, board certification, clinical expertise, teaching record, or publication history.
When Does a DNP Make Sense for a Pharmacy Doctorate Path?
A Doctor of Nursing Practice, or DNP, is a nursing practice doctorate, not a pharmacy degree. It makes sense for pharmacy-adjacent planning only when the student is already a registered nurse, is pursuing advanced practice nursing, or is considering a dual professional identity that includes nursing scope of practice.
The BLS reported a 2024 median annual wage of $132,050 for nurse anesthetists, nurse midwives, and nurse practitioners as a combined occupational group. That data reflects advanced nursing roles, not pharmacy roles, which is why DNP value should be judged through nursing licensure and APRN career goals rather than pharmacist career goals.
A DNP can overlap with pharmacy interests in areas such as medication management, chronic disease care, antimicrobial stewardship, pharmacology education, rural health, and quality improvement. However, it does not grant pharmacist licensure, and state nursing boards determine nursing scope, prescriptive authority, and practice requirements.
A DNP may be appropriate in the following situations:
- You are an RN or APRN and want to move into advanced nursing practice, clinical leadership, systems improvement, or nursing faculty roles.
- You want to work in medication-heavy clinical settings from a nursing practice perspective, such as primary care, acute care, psychiatry, geriatrics, or population health.
- You understand that the DNP is evaluated under nursing accreditation and licensure frameworks, not pharmacy accreditation frameworks.
It is usually not the right path for someone whose main goal is to become a pharmacist, pharmaceutical scientist, pharmacy professor, or pharmacy executive. In those cases, a PharmD, PhD, DBA, EdD, DrPH, or DHSc will usually align more directly with the intended outcome.
How Does a PsyD Compare With a PhD for Pharmacy Students?
A Doctor of Psychology, or PsyD, is a professional doctorate focused on clinical psychology practice. It can be relevant to pharmacy students interested in behavioral health, psychopharmacology collaboration, substance use treatment, medication adherence, integrated primary care, or patient counseling, but it is not a pharmacy doctorate and does not replace the PharmD.
The BLS reported a 2024 median annual wage of $94,310 for psychologists, which gives a broad market reference for psychology careers. For PsyD applicants, the more important planning factors are accreditation, supervised clinical hours, internship match quality, state licensure rules, and total debt load.
PsyD and PhD psychology programs can both lead to psychologist licensure when they meet state and accreditation requirements, but they differ in emphasis. The table below highlights the distinction for pharmacy students considering a behavioral-health pivot or dual-career plan.
| Factor | PsyD | PhD in Psychology |
| Primary emphasis | Clinical practice and applied psychological services | Research, theory, and scholarship, often with clinical training in some programs |
| Research intensity | Usually lower than a PhD, though research literacy is still expected | Usually higher, especially in research university settings |
| Best pharmacy-related fit | Behavioral health practice, adherence counseling, integrated care, substance use or chronic disease support | Behavioral medicine research, psychopharmacology research, health psychology scholarship, academic research careers |
| Licensure consideration | Must meet psychology board requirements; APA accreditation is often important | Must meet psychology board requirements; APA accreditation is often important for clinical paths |
A common mistake is assuming a PharmD plus interest in mental health makes a PsyD the next logical step. For many pharmacists, psychiatric pharmacy residency training, board certification, public health training, counseling certificates, or a PhD in outcomes or behavioral medicine may be more efficient, depending on the goal.
What Other Professional Doctorate Degrees Are Available for Pharmacy Students?
Beyond the PharmD, PhD, DBA, EdD, DNP, and PsyD, pharmacy students may encounter other professional doctorates that support specialized careers in population health, health science leadership, regulation, clinical systems, or interdisciplinary practice. These degrees are not substitutes for pharmacist licensure, but they may be useful for pharmacists who already know their desired niche.
The most relevant options are often applied health doctorates. They differ less by prestige and more by the problems they train you to solve.
| Degree | Core purpose | Potential pharmacy connection | Watch carefully for |
| DrPH | Public health leadership and applied population health | Medication access, health policy, epidemiology, community pharmacy initiatives, public health programs | CEPH accreditation, fieldwork expectations, policy or epidemiology depth |
| DHSc | Applied health science leadership, education, and systems improvement | Interprofessional education, quality improvement, healthcare administration, clinical systems | Program rigor, faculty fit, employer recognition, project expectations |
| DMSc | Advanced physician assistant practice leadership | Relevant mainly to PAs, not pharmacists, unless in an interdisciplinary leadership role | Professional eligibility requirements and whether the program admits non-PAs |
| Doctor of Regulatory Science or related doctorate | Regulatory policy, product development, compliance, and evidence standards | FDA-related work, pharmaceutical industry, quality, safety, labeling, clinical trials | Industry relevance, faculty background, experiential or project opportunities |
| Doctor of Health Administration | Healthcare executive leadership | Health-system pharmacy administration, managed care, consulting, operations | Business depth, applied research support, alumni outcomes |
These degrees can be valuable when they match a precise career problem. They become risky when chosen as a general "extra doctorate" without a clear role requirement, employer demand, or applied project that advances your career.
Before choosing one, ask whether the degree changes your eligibility for the job you want, whether employers in that sector recognize it, and whether a shorter credential, fellowship, residency, certificate, MPH, MBA, or MS would produce the same outcome with less cost and time.
How Long Do Pharmacy Doctorate Degrees Take, and What Are the Admissions and Cost Requirements?
Doctoral timelines vary because the degrees are built for different outcomes. A PharmD is structured around professional coursework and supervised pharmacy practice experiences; a PhD is shaped by research progress; a DBA or EdD is often designed for working professionals; and DNP or PsyD programs must align with field-specific clinical or licensure expectations.
Students who already know they want pharmacist licensure sometimes compare traditional PharmD routes with accelerated pharmacy programs, but speed should never be evaluated apart from accreditation, experiential placements, board exam preparation, workload, and total cost.
Financing is a major planning issue. For federal loans, graduate and professional students can borrow up to $20,500 per academic year in Direct Unsubsidized Loans, with additional borrowing often handled through Grad PLUS loans up to the school's cost of attendance; that means the sticker price, living costs, program length, and unpaid clinical or research time can all affect debt.
The table below gives typical U.S. planning ranges rather than fixed promises. Always confirm the exact timeline and requirements with each program because part-time enrollment, transfer credits, prerequisites, dissertation progress, residency expectations, and clinical placements can change the total.
| Degree path | Typical time range | Common admissions requirements | Major cost drivers |
| PharmD | Usually 3 to 4 professional years after prerequisites, with some accelerated formats | Prerequisite science courses, GPA review, application essays, recommendations, interviews, sometimes PCAT depending on school policy | Tuition, fees, living costs, clinical rotation travel, licensing exams, reduced work hours |
| PhD in pharmacy-related field | Often 4 to 6+ years depending on research progress | Bachelor's or master's preparation in science or related field, research fit, faculty match, statement of purpose, recommendations | Funding package, assistantship availability, time to dissertation, conference travel, opportunity cost |
| DBA | Often 3 to 5 years, frequently part time | Master's degree or professional degree, work experience, leadership goals, applied research interest | Professional tuition model, residency weekends, travel, employer reimbursement limits |
| EdD | Often 3 to 4 years, frequently part time | Master's or professional degree, education or leadership experience, problem of practice, writing sample | Tuition, dissertation-in-practice support, travel for residencies, technology fees |
| DNP | Often 2 to 4 years depending on BSN-to-DNP or MSN-to-DNP route | RN license, nursing degree, clinical background, APRN goals if applicable | Clinical placement costs, certification preparation, reduced work hours, program fees |
| PsyD | Often 4 to 6 years plus internship and supervised experience requirements | Psychology prerequisites, clinical interest, recommendations, interviews, sometimes research or service experience | Tuition, practicum travel, internship process, licensure preparation, longer full-time enrollment |
Admissions and accreditation should be treated as decision filters, not paperwork. For PharmD programs, ACPE accreditation is central to pharmacist licensure eligibility. For DNP programs, nursing accreditation and state board alignment matter. For PsyD programs leading to licensure, APA accreditation is often important. For DBA, EdD, DrPH, DHSc, and similar doctorates, regional institutional accreditation, relevant programmatic accreditation where applicable, faculty expertise, and employer recognition deserve careful review.
Before applying, use a structured checklist to avoid costly mistakes:
- Confirm the exact career outcome you want, such as pharmacist licensure, research faculty work, executive leadership, education administration, advanced nursing practice, psychology licensure, or public health leadership.
- Verify whether the degree is required, preferred, or merely optional for that outcome.
- Check accreditation, state licensure rules, clinical placement support, internship expectations, and board exam implications before comparing tuition.
- Ask how many students complete the program on time, what funding is available, and what happens if dissertation, capstone, internship, or clinical placement progress is delayed.
- Calculate total cost of attendance, not just tuition, including fees, travel, rotations, lost wages, exam costs, and loan interest.
Which Pharmacy Doctorate Is Best for Your Career Goals: PhD, DBA, EdD, DNP, PsyD, or Another Professional Doctorate?
The best doctorate is the one that creates the shortest credible path to your intended work. A higher degree is not automatically a better investment if it does not improve eligibility, skill depth, credibility, or advancement in the direction you actually want.
Use the table below as a decision map. It is not a substitute for admissions advising or licensure review, but it can help you narrow the field before spending time and money on applications.
| If your primary goal is... | Most aligned doctorate | Why it fits | Alternative to consider |
| Become a licensed pharmacist | PharmD | It is the standard professional doctorate tied to U.S. pharmacist licensure preparation | Accelerated PharmD route if you meet prerequisites and can handle the pace |
| Lead original drug, pharmacology, outcomes, or health services research | PhD | It provides deep research methods, dissertation training, and scholarly preparation | Research fellowship, MS, or PharmD/PhD pathway depending on background |
| Move into healthcare or pharmacy executive leadership | DBA | It emphasizes applied business research, strategy, operations, and organizational problem-solving | MBA, MHA, DHA, or leadership fellowship |
| Lead pharmacy education, curriculum, or academic programs | EdD | It focuses on applied educational improvement, assessment, and institutional leadership | PhD in education or pharmacy-related field if research faculty work is the goal |
| Practice as an advanced nurse or nursing leader | DNP | It aligns with advanced nursing practice and nursing systems improvement | Only relevant if you meet nursing licensure prerequisites |
| Become a licensed clinical psychologist | PsyD | It emphasizes clinical psychology training and supervised practice | PhD in clinical psychology if research is equally important |
| Work in public health, policy, or population medication access | DrPH | It supports applied public health leadership and systems-level intervention | MPH, PhD, DHSc, or policy fellowship |
| Lead interdisciplinary health science or quality improvement initiatives | DHSc or related professional health doctorate | It can support applied health systems, education, and leadership roles | EdD, DBA, MHA, or specialized certificate |
To make a confident choice, move from degree names to evidence. The following questions help you compare programs in a way that reflects real career outcomes:
- What job title, scope of practice, research role, or leadership responsibility am I trying to qualify for?
- Does this doctorate meet licensure, accreditation, board certification, or employer requirements for that role?
- Will I complete a dissertation, dissertation-in-practice, capstone, clinical project, internship, residency, or supervised clinical hours?
- How strong is the program's support for placements, mentorship, research supervision, career advising, and completion?
- What is the total cost after scholarships, assistantships, employer reimbursement, loan interest, travel, fees, and reduced work time?
- Would a master's degree, certificate, residency, fellowship, board certification, or employer-sponsored leadership program achieve the same goal faster?
The biggest red flags are choosing a doctorate because of title alone, assuming every "doctor" degree leads to licensure, ignoring accreditation, focusing only on tuition, or enrolling in an online program without confirming clinical, internship, or experiential requirements in your state. A well-chosen doctorate should make your next professional step clearer, not just add another credential after your name.
Other Things You Should Know About Pharmacy
Academically, these are doctoral degrees, so graduates may use the title in appropriate contexts. In clinical settings, title use can be regulated by state law and employer policy, and professionals should clearly identify their discipline to avoid confusing patients.
No. A PharmD is a professional doctorate for pharmacy practice and licensure preparation. A PhD is a research doctorate focused on producing original scholarship and is usually better aligned with research, academia, or scientific leadership.
Some online or hybrid programs can meet requirements, but only if they hold the right accreditation and provide approved experiential, clinical, internship, or supervised practice components. Always verify requirements with the school and the relevant state licensing board.
It can be worthwhile when each doctorate serves a distinct purpose, such as PharmD plus PhD for clinical research or PharmD plus DBA for executive leadership. It is usually not worth it if the second doctorate does not improve eligibility, expertise, advancement, or return on investment.
References
- Advancing Your Nursing Career With a DNP https://www.saintmarys.edu/graduate-studies/nursing/nursing-practice/dnp-article
- Psychiatric Pharmacy: New Role of Pharmacists in Mental Healths https://austinpublishinggroup.com/psychiatry-mental-disorders/fulltext/jpmd-v4-id1010.php
- 22 Skills You'll Gain With a DNP Degree (Nursing) https://www.baypath.edu/news/bay-path-university-blogs/post/22-skills-you-ll-gain-with-a-dnp-degree-nursing/
- Considering a Career in Pharmacy? What You Need to Know https://www.pcom.edu/pharmacy/career-in-pharmacy.html
- The role of pharmacists in managing mental health disorders: a review https://pharmacia.pensoft.net/article/165494/
- Pharmacy Career Choices | School of Pharmacy https://www.mun.ca/pharmacy/programs-and-admissions/doctor-of-pharmacy-entry-to-practice-pharmd/pharmacy-career-choices/
- What Is a Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) Degree? https://www.calsouthern.edu/articles/what-is-a-dba-degree
- AACN Fact Sheet - DNP https://www.aacnnursing.org/news-data/fact-sheets/dnp-fact-sheet
- Career Paths for Nurses With a DNP https://www.allnursingschools.com/dnp/career-paths/
- PharmD vs. PhD vs. Master of Science | Mercer U. https://pharmacy.mercer.edu/2024/07/03/decoding-degrees/
