2027 Which Criminal Justice Degree Careers Have the Lowest Unemployment Risk?
Co-Founder and Chief Data Scientist
Entering the field of criminal justice without clear guidance on specialization or location can lead to unexpectedly high unemployment, especially as industries evolve and automation reshapes roles. For example, data shows that forensic science specialists experience a 3.2% unemployment rate-significantly lower than the national average for criminal justice occupations-highlighting the protective effect of niche expertise.
Geographic markets with stable law enforcement funding further reduce job risks, while professional certifications and graduate degrees enhance resilience across career stages. This article examines these factors, offering a comprehensive analysis to help students and professionals select career paths that minimize unemployment risk in criminal justice.
Key Things to Know About the Criminal Justice Degree Careers With the Lowest Unemployment Risk
- Historical data reveal law enforcement and forensic science roles maintain unemployment rates below 3% due to steady demand and robust union protections-licensure further enhances job security.
- Ten-year projections indicate cybersecurity and intelligence analysis positions in criminal justice grow by over 15%-automation risk is minimal given required human judgment and crisis response skills.
- Geographic markets with higher urban density and graduate-level certifications demonstrate greater recession resilience, reducing unemployment spikes especially among probation officers and social service coordinators.
What Makes Criminal Justice Degree Jobs More or Less Resistant to Unemployment?
Unemployment risk in a specific academic discipline reflects the probability that workers will face joblessness over time, shaped by three primary types: Structural Unemployment: industry shifts, automation, or declining demand rendering roles obsolete; Frictional Unemployment: short-term gaps during job transitions influenced by job search efficiency; and Cyclical Unemployment: effects of wider economic recessions.
These distinctions clarify why not all unemployment risk affects criminal justice degree jobs uniformly, particularly given regional labor market impact on criminal justice unemployment.
- Occupational Licensing: Jobs requiring state or federal licensure-such as law enforcement officers-often face lower unemployment risk due to regulated entry and stable demand.
- Employer Concentration: Careers tied to diverse employers reduce dependency and improve resilience during economic downturns.
- Sector Growth Rate: Roles within expanding criminal justice fields generally enjoy stronger job security amid changing labor demands.
- Role Replaceability: Positions that resist automation and outsourcing tend to be more secure.
Additional factors shape individual employment resilience:
- Degree-Level and Specialization: Advanced degrees and focused specializations-like forensic science or cybersecurity-mitigate broad job competition.
- Geographic Location: Markets with robust public safety funding and population growth yield more stable opportunities.
The analytical framework applied here leverages historical unemployment trends, ten-year job demand projections, automation vulnerability, licensing protections, and regional conditions for consistent criminal justice career risk assessment. This structured approach helps students and early-career professionals make decisions grounded in data, not just personal interest or salary expectations.
Choosing a specialization based on unemployment risk data substantially elevates long-term stability. For those weighing their options, resources highlighting the easiest online college degrees can also illuminate pathways that balance accessibility with labor market resilience.
Which Criminal Justice Career Paths Have the Lowest Historical Unemployment Rates?
Several criminal justice career paths demonstrate historically lower unemployment rates-a sign of enduring demand and employment resilience across economic cycles.
Drawing from over a decade of BLS Current Population Survey data, NACE First-Destination Surveys, and Federal Reserve labor market research, the following occupations consistently rank among those with the lowest historical unemployment rates for criminal justice careers in the United States.
- Corrections Officers and Jailers: Persistently low unemployment stems from their essential-service status and strict regulatory staffing mandates.
- Ongoing public safety and inmate management needs maintain steady demand.
- Legal requirements enforce minimum staffing in correctional facilities nationwide.
- Limited automation possibilities preserve job relevance.
- Police Officers and Detectives: Below-average unemployment reflects strong public safety priorities and licensure barriers to entry.
- Demographic trends and urbanization increase policing demands.
- Rigorous training and academy requirements limit workforce fluctuation.
- Stable federal and state funding typically shields these roles during downturns.
- Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists: Employment stability links to expanding rehabilitation efforts and chronic practitioner undersupply.
- Regulatory emphasis on alternatives to incarceration boosts job opportunities.
- Specialized training shortfalls maintain steady hiring demand.
- Resilient amid social service funding variations.
- Forensic Science Technicians: Steady demand derives from critical forensic roles and technological specialization.
- Limited labor pool due to technical expertise.
- Case backlogs and legal reforms sustain consistent service needs.
- Positions largely insulated from economic shocks.
- Correctional Program Coordinators and Counselors: Consistent demand arises from the focus on rehabilitation and mental health treatment.
- Growth in substance abuse and mental health treatment within corrections.
- Essential service classification supports workforce stability.
- Rehabilitation funding typically resistant to recessionary cuts.
- Private Security Managers: Though more sensitive to economic trends, experienced managers benefit from rising security concerns and credentialing requirements.
- Increased demand from cybersecurity-physical security integration.
- Professional certifications reduce turnover.
- Corporate sector growth underpins steady employment.
Prospective students seeking entry-level criminal justice career paths with highest job security should consider these historical trends while also evaluating ten-year employment projections and automation vulnerability.
Combining these insights with geographical labor market differences and credentialing pathways helps create a defensible, comprehensive risk profile.
The evolving criminal justice labor market demands more than historical unemployment data-students and early-career professionals should pursue accelerated degree programs and certifications to strengthen resilience against sectoral disruptions and technological change.
How Does the Criminal Justice Job Market Compare to the National Unemployment Average?
The unemployment rate for college-educated workers nationwide sits around 2.5%, but many careers in criminal justice report significantly lower rates-often close to or below 1.3%.
This gap translates into shorter job searches and steadier income flows for criminal justice graduates, helping to ease financial strain and support a more secure early career. Consistent employment also fosters smoother advancement, as steady work experience is highly valued in the field.
Underemployment represents a critical but distinct challenge. Many criminal justice degree holders occupy roles that do not fully leverage their skills-such as administrative or unrelated service jobs-hampering wage growth and career progression.
- Unemployment vs. Underemployment: Unemployment counts those entirely jobless, while underemployment includes workers employed beneath their qualification level, both affecting economic and career stability.
- Variation by Specialization and Region: Underemployment rates differ widely across criminal justice subfields and geographic areas, requiring careful analysis beyond headline unemployment figures.
Because some criminal justice occupations are relatively small, their unemployment rates can swing dramatically year to year. These fluctuations may misrepresent long-term trends, so it's essential to rely on multi-year data to understand true employment risk.
- Multi-Year Trends: Longitudinal analysis over a decade offers a clearer view of job security than isolated annual data.
- Impact of Workforce Changes: Slight shifts in hiring or turnover in niche roles can disproportionately affect short-term unemployment statistics.
For students and early professionals, focusing on career paths and regions with consistently low unemployment and minimal underemployment risk is crucial. Pursuing further certifications, graduate education, or licensure often reduces vulnerability, supporting a resilient, long-lasting career in criminal justice.
A professional who graduated with a criminal justice degree shared that navigating the job market initially felt daunting-the competition was stiff, and finding roles that matched his training required persistence. 'I faced a few setbacks where positions weren't aligned with my skills, which was frustrating,' he explained.
Yet by targeting specialized geographic markets and enhancing his qualifications through certification, he was able to secure a stable role within a year. 'It taught me that patience and strategic credentialing are key,' he reflected, emphasizing how these steps made all the difference in weathering early career uncertainty.
Employer demand in criminal justice careers across the United States concentrates in distinct areas shaped by evolving market trends and structural changes rather than an even distribution across all fields. This targeted demand reflects sector-specific drivers-technology, regulation, demographics, and workforce shortages-that signal which specializations offer sustainable opportunities.
- Cybercrime and Digital Forensics: Increasing cyber threats and stricter data security regulations fuel urgent need for experts adept at digital evidence recovery and cybersecurity, driven by widespread tech adoption and compliance mandates.
- Healthcare Compliance and Fraud Investigation: Rising healthcare regulations and complex insurance fraud cases sustain demand for professionals versed in healthcare law and enforcement, amid persistent talent shortages and competitive salaries.
- Corrections and Rehabilitation: Demographic shifts and criminal justice reforms emphasize rehabilitation, boosting careers focused on correctional program management, mental health, and reentry services to reduce recidivism.
- Law Enforcement Intelligence Analysis: Data-driven policing and homeland security efforts increase jobs for analysts skilled in interpreting complex intelligence, highlighting needs for tech proficiency and interagency coordination.
- Juvenile Justice and Social Services: Socioeconomic factors and policies prioritizing early intervention promote demand for specialists in youth prevention, diversion, and family-focused programs.
- Legal and Regulatory Compliance: Expanding oversight in finance, environmental policy, and corporate governance drives sustained need for compliance officers ensuring legal adherence amid evolving laws.
Those exploring criminal justice specializations with highest employer demand should verify these trends by comparing real-time job postings with salary data and professional workforce reports, while consulting hiring managers to ensure alignment with local markets and career stages.
Academic choices should reflect these insights-incorporating relevant coursework, internships, and industry credentials-to enhance readiness for sought-after roles and guard against automation risks.
Students seeking to optimize their career paths may consider accredited programs-such as those featured among accredited schools online-to access quality education that aligns with employer expectations and regulatory requirements in these high-demand criminal justice careers.
Several industries employing the largest share of criminal justice graduates demonstrate notable employment stability due to structural safeguards-such as essential service designation, regulatory requirements, or persistent demand imbalances-that protect them from economic shocks and technological disruptions.
These sectors not only show sustained job growth and low layoffs but also rely on criminal justice professionals as core contributors, ensuring graduates' roles are critical rather than peripheral.
- Public Safety and Law Enforcement: Anchored by social order and emergency response needs, this sector's core functions include policing, investigation, and crisis management. Graduates apply expertise in criminal law, ethics, and procedural safeguards within established government agencies, typically municipal or state-run, anchored by hierarchical command systems.
- Corrections and Rehabilitation: Chronic incarceration levels and reform efforts drive demand for roles in inmate supervision, counseling, and program facilitation. Skills in risk assessment, conflict resolution, and mental health align with bureaucratic correctional settings, where graduates' knowledge about offender rehabilitation and legal frameworks is essential.
- Legal and Regulatory Compliance: Firms in finance, healthcare, and government depend on criminal justice specialists to enforce policies, conduct fraud investigations, and manage regulatory reporting. Competencies in analytical reasoning, legal research, and ethics make these professionals indispensable within corporate and oversight entities.
- Private Security and Investigation: Persistent threats to property and information sustain demand for security analysis, threat assessment, and investigative services. Graduates utilize skills in surveillance, evidence handling, and legal compliance to operate within private firms contracted by businesses or individuals.
- Healthcare and Behavioral Services: Roles in forensic psychology, victim advocacy, and substance abuse counseling benefit from healthcare's essential service status and demographic growth. Graduates draw on criminology, psychology, and social justice training to address clinical assessment, patient advocacy, and interdisciplinary communication in hospitals, rehabilitation centers, or social agencies.
While each of these industries provides relative job security, specializing exclusively in one area can expose criminal justice graduates to risks from regulatory changes or location-specific demand shifts. Developing transferable skills across investigative methods, ethical analysis, and interpersonal communication enhances resilience, serving as a buffer against sector-specific downturns.
When asked about which industries offer the strongest job security, a criminal justice professional reflected on her experience entering public safety after graduation. She described initially navigating the complexities of municipal hiring processes and overcoming the emotional challenges tied to crisis response roles.
Despite the stress, she emphasized how foundational her academic training was-particularly in legal procedures and ethical decision-making-which enabled her to adapt quickly and secure stable employment in a department known for consistent growth and low turnover.
She also highlighted the importance of cultivating versatile skills, explaining that her ability to collaborate across law enforcement and social services broadened her opportunities and increased her confidence in career longevity.
Data from the BLS, OPM, and NASPE demonstrates that criminal justice degree holders in government roles face notably lower unemployment and fewer layoffs than those in the private sector.
Public-sector criminal justice jobs-spanning federal agencies, state and local law enforcement, and public research institutions-benefit from civil service protections that shield employees from abrupt job cuts during budget downturns or political shifts.
- Layoff Frequency: Public roles experience significantly fewer layoffs due to more stable funding priorities centered on maintaining essential safety and justice services. Civil service systems further limit arbitrary dismissals, contrasting with the more volatile private-sector environment.
- Employment Stability: Government positions often offer longer tenure supported by structured advancement pathways, union representation, and tenure protections that buffer workers against economic fluctuations. Quasi-governmental organizations exhibit comparable stability but sometimes vary with their funding sources.
- Benefits Compensation: While starting salaries in public criminal justice fields tend to be lower than private alternatives such as corporate security or private investigations, these roles provide valuable long-term perks.
- Pension and Leave: Generous pension plans, comprehensive healthcare, and extensive leave policies contribute to enhanced total compensation throughout a public-sector career.
- Loan Forgiveness Eligibility: Many government criminal justice jobs qualify for student loan forgiveness programs, improving financial outcomes for graduates committed to public service.
- Role Categories Assessed: Federal investigative, compliance, and enforcement positions enjoy strong job security. Similarly, state and local government jobs in policing, probation, and corrections maintain relatively low layoff rates despite local budget fluctuations. Public universities and research institutions offer additional career stability through diversified funding channels.
Risk-averse graduates may place higher value on the predictability and protections of government work, whereas others may pursue private sector roles with greater earning potential despite elevated unemployment risks. This analysis supports deliberate decision-making aligned with individual financial goals and risk preferences.
Licensure and certification serve as vital mechanisms protecting criminal justice degree holders from unemployment by setting legally enforceable standards on who may perform key roles. Positions such as police officers, correctional officers, and private investigators require state-issued licenses as legal mandates-acting as structural barriers that narrow labor supply and sustain steady demand even during economic downturns.
This credentialing ensures job security by preventing employers from substituting unlicensed workers, thus stabilizing wages and reducing competition in licensed occupations.
Beyond mandatory licenses, many competitive criminal justice careers value voluntary professional certifications-like forensic analysis, cybersecurity, or victim advocacy-that are not legally required but function as important hiring filters. Earning these certifications early signals specialized competencies and commitment, which narrows the applicant pool and lowers unemployment risk by enhancing marketability.
Economically, licensed criminal justice roles experience reduced unemployment volatility because only credentialed practitioners can legally fulfill these positions. This restricted labor supply limits substitution with unqualified candidates, creating a durable labor demand floor across market fluctuations.
Prioritizing required licensure first, followed by sought-after certifications aligned with one's specialization, forms a strategic approach to strengthening employment prospects.
- Mandatory Licensure: Licenses required for core roles such as law enforcement and corrections act as gatekeepers, limiting entry and protecting employment stability.
- Voluntary Certifications: Professional designations enhance credentials beyond the baseline and offer competitive edges in hiring decisions.
- Economic Mechanism: Credentialing restricts labor supply, preventing substitution of unqualified workers and stabilizing demand amid economic cycles.
- Credential Strategy: Focus first on essential licenses, then pursue high-value certifications that align with career goals for maximal unemployment risk reduction.
- Current Trend: According to a 2023 Bureau of Labor Statistics report, occupations with mandatory licensure show 15% lower average unemployment rates than comparable unlicensed criminal justice roles.
Geographic location critically influences unemployment risk for criminal justice degree graduates by shaping local labor demand, industry concentration, and economic stability. Metropolitan areas with dense concentrations of criminal justice employers-such as Washington D.C., Boston, and other significant government employment centers-generally experience unemployment rates below the national average.
These regions benefit from abundant opportunities generated by federal agencies, municipal workforces, healthcare corridors, and law enforcement clusters, making the labor markets more resilient to economic fluctuations.
This geographic impact on criminal justice unemployment risk stems partly from structural economic factors: areas anchored by public sector employers or specialized industries tend to shield criminal justice roles during downturns, while smaller or economically volatile markets with fewer employers increase job search durations and unemployment risk.
Remote work availability adds another dimension to geographic unemployment risk. Certain criminal justice specializations-such as cybercrime analysis, compliance, and policy consulting-can be performed remotely, effectively broadening the labor market beyond geographic constraints and lowering unemployment risk.
In contrast, roles like corrections or probation officers require on-site presence, which ties graduates more closely to local labor market health. This geographic flexibility should be a key consideration for those assessing career paths in criminal justice, as pursuing remote-eligible roles can mitigate regional job scarcity.
Prospective and current students should undertake a detailed geographic labor market analysis using BLS metropolitan area unemployment data, LinkedIn job posting filters, and regional wage benchmarks.
Such an approach helps decide whether staying local, relocating to regions with higher employer density, or targeting remote-compatible criminal justice roles best balances employment stability with personal preferences.
As of recent analyses, regions with strong government employment exhibit a 15% lower unemployment rate for criminal justice graduates compared to the national average-highlighting how geographic market selection profoundly affects career outcomes.
- Employer Concentration: High-density regions with federal and municipal agencies provide stable criminal justice employment.
- Regional Variability: Economically diverse states with strong public sector presence reduce unemployment risk for graduates.
- Remote Work Impact: Remote-compatible criminal justice roles offer wider opportunities and decrease dependency on local markets.
- Labor Market Analysis: Utilizing BLS data, LinkedIn geography filters, and wage benchmarks sharpens career location decisions.
- Recent Data: Regions rich in government jobs see a 15% lower criminal justice graduate unemployment rate compared to national averages.
For students interested in credentialing to enhance their competitiveness in this evolving market, exploring programs like the best bookkeeping certification can complement criminal justice skills and widen employment prospects.
Within criminal justice careers at risk of automation, certain roles face substantially higher displacement probabilities due to their reliance on routine, task-specific workflows. Drawing on frameworks from McKinsey Global Institute, Oxford Martin School, and MIT's task-level automation research reveals which criminal justice job functions are most exposed to artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robotic process automation.
- Data Analysts and Records Specialists: These roles focus heavily on routine data processing, document review, and pattern-matching algorithms. Automated systems excel at tasks such as fingerprint matching, database queries, and case file management - often performing faster with fewer errors.
- Dispatch Operators and Call Processors: Positions dependent on standardized decision-making and repetitive client service interactions, such as emergency call triage and initial report intake, are increasingly vulnerable. Advances in natural language processing and AI decision trees support partial or full automation in these areas.
- Paralegals and Legal Assistants in Criminal Cases: Routine background checks, preparing standard legal documents, and evidence cataloging may be supplemented or replaced by automated tools designed to streamline case preparation.
Conversely, roles emphasizing non-routine problem-solving, complex interpersonal judgment, ethical oversight, and creative strategizing sustain lower automation vulnerability.
Detectives conducting intricate investigations, prosecutors developing nuanced legal arguments, and probation officers managing client relations require skills that remain difficult to automate, providing greater long-term resilience despite ongoing technological disruption impact on criminal justice jobs.
Individuals pursuing high-automation-risk criminal justice specializations should anticipate potential mid-career transitions, proactively cultivating human-centered competencies alongside technology management skills. This combined expertise positions them as essential integrators and supervisors of automated systems rather than candidates for displacement.
Finally, automation susceptibility scores indicate probabilistic risks, not certainties. The pace and extent of automation adoption vary with factors such as organizational investment, regulatory environment, technological maturity, and regional labor cost differentials. Geographic market selection and professional credentialing further influence stability in this evolving labor landscape.
Those considering how to future-proof their criminal justice career might explore online interdisciplinary studies bachelor programs low cost to acquire versatile skills adaptable across emerging demands.
For example, online interdisciplinary studies bachelor programs low cost provide flexible pathways that integrate technology and human-centered approaches, aiding sustained employment security.
Holding a graduate degree substantially lowers unemployment rates for criminal justice graduates-typically by 2 to 3 percentage points compared to those with only bachelor's degrees-while also boosting salaries by 15% to over 30%.
These benefits stem from access to specialized roles and increased career durability supported by data from the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce and Bureau of Labor Statistics analyses.
Graduate degrees most effective in mitigating unemployment risk include:
- Professional Master's Programs: These often grant licensure eligibility in fields like clinical or legal specialties, creating entry barriers that enhance job security.
- Research-Focused Master's and Doctoral Degrees: They prepare graduates for advanced practitioner or research roles marked by limited labor supply and growing demand, helping shield occupations from automation and market shifts.
- MBA Programs: By unlocking leadership and managerial positions rarely accessible with only bachelor's credentials, MBAs expand career mobility and diversify employment options.
Evaluating graduate education as an unemployment risk reduction strategy demands transparent financial consideration:
- Cost and Duration: Programs usually span 1 to 3 years, costing between $20,000 and $70,000 depending on institution and specialization.
- Opportunity Cost: Earnings foregone during study can range from $40,000 to $80,000.
- Break-Even Timeline: Many graduates recoup their investment within 5 to 8 years through higher earnings and reduced unemployment spells.
Prospective students must weigh graduate education against alternatives like professional certifications, targeted employer or geographic selection, and specialization-each potentially providing similar unemployment resilience but with lower financial and time commitments.
Personalized assessment-considering career goals, finances, and local labor market dynamics-is essential to optimize long-term employment security in criminal justice careers.
Entry-level roles that establish long-term career stability in criminal justice share traits such as clear advancement routes, employers with strong retention cultures, and cross-sector credential value. Analysis of employment data shows several positions act as dependable springboards to sustained careers rather than dead-end jobs prone to frequent turnover.
- Police Officer: These roles benefit from formal promotion ladders-advancement to detective, sergeant, or specialized units is common within departments emphasizing internal training and retention. Officers typically spend three to five years in their initial positions before advancing, with geographic areas featuring stable funding and community engagement offering the best long-term stability.
- Probation and Parole Officer: Working within correctional and social service agencies, these positions build supervisory and relationship management skills valued across multiple sectors. Employers often focus on employee development, resulting in lower turnover and reliable promotion opportunities within five to seven years.
- Correctional Officer: Though often seen as a terminal role, officers in large state or federal facilities can progress into case management, counseling, or administrative roles by gaining specialized certifications. Facilities prioritizing wellness and credentialing tend to improve retention, with advancement timelines typically spanning four to six years.
- Forensic Technician: These technical roles offer skill development in crime labs or consulting, forming a credential base for progression into forensic analysis or investigative positions. Networks within law enforcement and legal sectors provide valuable career support, with promotions generally occurring after three to five years supplemented by certification or graduate education.
- Security Consultant for Corporate or Government Clients: Early careers focused on physical or cybersecurity in regulated industries foster continual reskilling and career growth. Emerging technology demands promote retention and advancement, often leading to mid-career risk management roles within five years.
Long-term career resilience hinges on early decisions-selecting employers with strong retention, targeting stable job markets, and securing recognized certifications-all factors that reduce unemployment risk over decades. Candidates who prioritize roles embedded in promotion-focused organizations and credential-portable sectors position themselves for durable career equity well beyond initial compensation or workplace conditions.
What Graduates Say About the Criminal Justice Degree Careers With the Lowest Unemployment Risk
- Emiliano: "Choosing a career specialization in cybercrime investigation opened so many doors for me-especially in metropolitan areas where tech industries thrive and crime patterns are rapidly evolving. The demand for credentials like the Certified Cybercrime Investigator made my entry into the field much smoother and provided job security even early in my career. If you're looking at fields with the lowest unemployment risk, focusing on technology-driven roles within criminal justice is absolutely rewarding."
- Jared: "Reflecting on my journey, specializing in forensic analysis really set me apart from many others in the criminal justice workforce. Working within government agencies on the West Coast, I found that advanced certification programs-such as those approved by national forensic boards-are essential to climbing the ladder and maintaining stability at every career stage. This focus not only reduced my job-hunting stress but also gave me a deep sense of professional purpose."
- Amir: "Throughout my time in the criminal justice field, I've learned that geographic mobility can be a game changer-especially when paired with broad-based law enforcement training. Concentrating on areas with consistently low unemployment rates, like the Northeast, and pursuing comprehensive credentials such as LE certifications, have kept me employed and promoted. Each stage of my career-entry-level through senior roles-benefited tremendously from this combined approach."
Other Things You Should Know About Criminal Justice Degrees
The 10-year employment outlook for careers in criminal justice with the lowest unemployment risk remains generally positive. Roles such as forensic science technicians, probation officers, and detectives are projected to grow at or above the national average due to ongoing demand for public safety and advanced investigative techniques.
However, some entry-level positions may face slower growth linked to budget constraints in government agencies. Choosing specializations that incorporate technology and analysis tends to offer stronger long-term stability.
Mid-career roles with the lowest unemployment risk often include positions in cybersecurity, forensic analysis, and law enforcement management. These tracks require specialized knowledge, often supported by advanced certifications or graduate education, which make candidates more competitive and less vulnerable to automation.
Mid-career professionals who cultivate skills in data analysis, digital investigations, and leadership consistently find better employment opportunities within public and private sectors.
Professional certifications can improve hiring odds in 2027, especially in police, corrections, and court support roles. Common credentials include Peace Officer Standards and Training certification for sworn officers, Certified Fraud Examiner for fraud work, and the NCIC terminal operator certification used by many agencies.
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