2027 Easiest Online Applied Psychology Doctorate Programs to Get Into: Admission Requirements, GPA, and Workarounds
Online Applied Psychology doctorates are expanding because more adults need advanced credentials without leaving work, yet many applicants worry that old grades, tests, or degree mismatches will block them. The timing matters: the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects psychologist employment to grow 7% from 2023 to 2033, which supports demand for advanced psychology expertise in schools, organizations, health systems, and community settings. This guide is for applicants seeking accessible, accredited online pathways. You will learn which programs are typically easier to enter, what requirements matter most, and how to use legitimate admissions workarounds.
Key Things About the Easiest Online Applied Psychology Doctorate Programs
- Lower-barrier online Applied Psychology doctorates are usually professional or practice-oriented degrees, such as PsyD, EdD, DBH, PhD in applied psychology concentrations, industrial-organizational psychology, behavioral health, or behavior analysis, rather than tightly funded research PhD programs.
- A 3.0 graduate GPA is the most common published benchmark, but many schools review applicants holistically through conditional admission, GPA addendums, recent graduate coursework, professional licenses, or strong supervisor recommendations.
- GRE and GMAT requirements are increasingly avoidable in practice, but there is no single federal 2024 dataset tracking waiver rates by psychology doctorate; applicants should prioritize programs that clearly state "GRE not required" and capstone or applied project pathways when they want lower admissions friction and nontraditional completion models.
Are online Applied Psychology doctorate programs competitive?
Online Applied Psychology doctorate programs can be competitive, but they are usually not competitive in the same way as traditional, campus-based research PhD programs. The easiest online options tend to admit working professionals who can show readiness for doctoral study, professional purpose, and ethical fit, rather than applicants competing for a small number of funded lab slots.
The most important thing to understand is that "easy to get into" does not mean academically easy. It usually means the program has fewer gatekeeping requirements: no GRE, a flexible GPA review, multiple start dates, rolling admissions, online coursework, and a professional capstone instead of a highly specialized research match.
Program-level acceptance rates for online Applied Psychology doctorates are often not publicly reported, and federal datasets such as IPEDS do not provide a clean national acceptance-rate table for this specific field.
That limits direct comparisons. In practical terms, applicants should evaluate competitiveness by looking at cohort size, faculty match requirements, funding structure, and whether the program is designed for part-time working adults.
The BLS 2024 occupational outlook projects 7% employment growth for psychologists from 2023 to 2033. For applicants, that does not guarantee admission or employment, but it explains why applied doctoral pathways are attractive: organizations need professionals who can translate psychology into intervention design, assessment, leadership, organizational behavior, coaching, behavioral health, and program evaluation.
Here is a quick way to interpret the selectivity signals you will see on admissions pages.
| Admissions signal | What it usually means | Effect on accessibility |
| Rolling admissions | Applications are reviewed across several cycles instead of one annual deadline. | Usually easier to time strategically. |
| No GRE or GMAT required | The school weighs transcripts, essays, recommendations, and experience more heavily. | Helpful for applicants with weak test profiles. |
| Professional doctorate format | The curriculum emphasizes applied practice, leadership, consultation, or intervention. | Often more accessible than funded research PhD tracks. |
| Faculty research-match requirement | Applicants must align with a specific professor's research agenda. | Usually more selective. |
| Limited funded assistantships | Applicants compete for tuition support, stipends, or lab placements. | Usually more competitive. |
Online programs may also use enrollment capacity differently. A campus PhD may admit only a handful of students because mentorship, lab space, and assistantships are limited. A well-designed online professional doctorate may support larger cohorts with standardized courses, dissertation or capstone committees, virtual advising, and asynchronous learning systems.
What are the easiest online Applied Psychology doctorate programs to get into?
The easiest online Applied Psychology doctorate programs to get into are usually not a single list of "least selective" schools. They are programs with lower admissions barriers that still match your career goal. A low-barrier program is only a good choice if it is accredited, aligned with your intended field, transparent about costs, and realistic about licensure or career outcomes.
Most applicants should start by comparing program types rather than chasing one acceptance-rate number. The table below summarizes the online doctorate categories that often have more accessible admissions patterns.
| Program type | Common online format | Typical admissions profile | Best fit | Main caution |
| Applied psychology PhD with professional concentration | Online coursework with dissertation or applied research project | Master's degree preferred or required, 3.0 GPA commonly expected, GRE often not required | Applicants seeking consulting, teaching, organizational, or applied research roles | May not qualify for psychologist licensure without a clinical, counseling, or school psychology accreditation pathway |
| PsyD in nonclinical or leadership-oriented psychology | Online or hybrid coursework with applied doctoral project | Master's degree, professional goals, recommendations, and writing sample | Working professionals seeking applied leadership or advanced practice knowledge | Clinical licensure rules vary sharply by state and accreditation status |
| Doctor of Behavioral Health or behavioral health leadership doctorate | Online coursework with practicum, project, or capstone components | Master's degree in health, counseling, psychology, social work, or related field | Behavioral health managers, care coordinators, and integrated-care professionals | May require current licensure or relevant field experience |
| Doctorate in industrial-organizational or business psychology | Online coursework, applied research, consulting project, or dissertation | Graduate GPA, resume, professional statement, and recommendations | HR, talent development, organizational consulting, executive coaching, and workforce analytics professionals | ROI depends heavily on employer demand and your existing work experience |
| Doctorate in behavior analysis or ABA-related applied psychology | Online or hybrid coursework with research, supervision, or capstone expectations | Master's degree, ABA coursework, BCBA status sometimes preferred or required | Behavior analysts, autism services leaders, clinical supervisors, and program directors | Certification and licensure requirements must be checked separately |
Applicants coming from justice, assessment, correctional treatment, or victim-services backgrounds may also compare forensic psychology master's programs before deciding whether a doctorate is necessary. A master's may be enough for some applied roles, while a doctorate may make more sense for leadership, teaching, advanced consultation, or research-intensive work.
In general, the lower-barrier online doctorate is worth considering if you are a working adult with a clear applied goal, a relevant master's degree, and enough discipline to complete independent doctoral work. A more selective research PhD may be a better fit if you want a tenure-track academic career, intensive lab training, funded study, or a research identity tied to a specific faculty mentor.
Use this decision rule: choose an easier online doctorate when flexibility, professional application, and admissions accessibility matter most; choose a more competitive doctorate when funding, licensure portability, research apprenticeship, or academic prestige matter more.

What is the minimum GPA requirement for online Applied Psychology doctorate programs?
The most common minimum GPA requirement for online Applied Psychology doctorate programs is around 3.0 on a 4.0 scale, especially for graduate-level coursework. Some schools publish a firm cutoff, while others say they prefer a 3.0 GPA but review applicants holistically. A few programs may consider applicants below 3.0 through provisional, conditional, or exception-based admission.
The key distinction is undergraduate GPA versus graduate GPA. If you already completed a master's degree with strong grades, many doctoral admissions committees will treat that as more predictive than an older undergraduate transcript. This is especially true for working adults whose bachelor's degree was completed years ago.
The table below shows how GPA requirements usually function in admissions, and why the exact wording on the program page matters.
| Published GPA language | How to interpret it | Applicant strategy |
| Minimum 3.0 required | The school may screen out applicants below the line unless an exception policy exists. | Ask whether conditional admission or recent graduate coursework can offset the GPA. |
| Preferred 3.0 GPA | The program may review lower GPAs if the rest of the application is strong. | Submit a GPA addendum and emphasize recent academic performance. |
| Holistic review | Grades are one factor among writing ability, experience, fit, and recommendations. | Use the personal statement and resume to prove doctoral readiness. |
| Last 60 credits reviewed | The school may focus on upper-division or recent academic work. | Highlight a strong upward trend and relevant psychology coursework. |
| Graduate GPA emphasized | Master's performance may carry more weight than undergraduate performance. | Show that you can handle advanced theory, research, statistics, and writing. |
A GPA cutoff is not only an academic rule; it is also a risk-management tool. Doctoral programs want evidence that you can handle statistics, research methods, theory-heavy reading, and long-form writing. If your GPA is weak, your job is to replace doubt with evidence.
Cost should also be part of the GPA decision. A school willing to admit you conditionally may still be a poor investment if tuition is high, transfer credits are limited, or the degree does not match your career path. The easiest acceptance is not always the best financial choice.
Can you get accepted into an online Applied Psychology doctorate program with a low GPA?
Some applicants can get accepted into an online Applied Psychology doctorate program with a low GPA, but the application must explain why the GPA is not the best measure of current ability. A low-GPA applicant should not submit a standard application and hope the committee overlooks the transcript. The stronger strategy is to directly document academic recovery, professional maturity, and readiness for doctoral-level work.
If your GPA is below 3.0, focus on workarounds that create new evidence. These options are especially useful for applicants whose low grades came from an old bachelor's record, a life disruption, or early academic immaturity.
- Write a GPA addendum. Briefly explain the circumstances behind the low GPA, take responsibility, and show what changed, such as stronger graduate grades, professional achievement, or completed statistics coursework.
- Complete post-baccalaureate or nondegree graduate coursework. Courses in research methods, statistics, assessment, ethics, organizational psychology, behavior analysis, or psychopathology can show recent readiness.
- Ask whether the school recalculates GPA. Some admissions teams consider the last 60 credits, major GPA, graduate GPA, or upper-division GPA instead of the full cumulative average.
- Use a master's degree as academic repair. A strong master's transcript often carries more weight than an older undergraduate record because it is closer to doctoral expectations.
- Request conditional admission details. Some programs allow admitted students to prove themselves by earning a required grade in the first doctoral courses.
- Strengthen the writing sample. A polished scholarly paper can reduce concerns about academic preparation, especially in online programs where writing is central.
Applicants in behavior analysis can also use targeted graduate coursework to rebuild their academic record. If you are comparing ABA-related routes before doctoral study, a fastest BCBA program may help you earn relevant graduate credits, meet certification-related coursework needs, and show stronger recent performance.
A good GPA addendum is short, specific, and forward-looking. It should not sound defensive. One effective structure is: what happened, what changed, what evidence proves change, and why you are ready now. Admissions committees are usually less concerned with perfection than with risk, consistency, and self-awareness.
Low-GPA applicants should avoid applying only to highly selective programs with strict cutoffs. A better portfolio includes a mix of programs: one or two reach options, several holistic-review programs, and at least one program that explicitly mentions conditional admission or alternative GPA review.
Do online Applied Psychology doctorate programs require GRE or GMAT scores?
Many online Applied Psychology doctorate programs do not require GRE or GMAT scores, especially professional doctorates and applied PhD tracks designed for working adults. However, policies vary by school and concentration. Some programs are fully test-free, some are test-optional, and some waive testing only for applicants with a master's degree, professional license, high GPA, or significant experience.
The safest approach is to treat testing as a policy question, not an assumption. "GRE optional" does not always mean "GRE irrelevant." If your GPA is low, a strong GRE score might help at a few programs, while a test-free program may allow you to spend your time strengthening essays, recommendations, and prerequisite coursework instead.
Applicants should ask admissions teams to classify the policy in writing before investing time or money in exam prep. These are the most common testing categories.
| Testing policy | What it means | Who benefits most |
| GRE or GMAT not required | The exam is not part of the admissions file. | Applicants with strong experience, writing, and graduate coursework. |
| Test-optional | You may submit scores, but they are not mandatory. | Applicants with strong scores that offset weaker grades. |
| Waiver available | The exam is normally required, but certain applicants can skip it. | Applicants with a master's degree, license, certification, or high graduate GPA. |
| Required for all applicants | Scores are mandatory and may be used in screening. | Applicants who test well and want research-oriented options. |
GRE or GMAT waivers are most commonly tied to evidence that already predicts graduate success. A completed master's degree, strong graduate GPA, current professional license, BCBA credential, counseling license, school psychology credential, HR leadership experience, or published/applied research project may help support a waiver request.
When asking for a waiver, use a concise, evidence-based request rather than a general appeal. State the policy you are invoking, list the credential that qualifies you, and attach documentation. If the school says waivers are case-by-case, ask whether a waiver decision is made before or after the full application review.

Is prior professional experience required for Applied Psychology doctorate programs?
Prior professional experience is not always required, but it can be one of the strongest advantages in an online Applied Psychology doctorate application. Because many online programs are designed for working adults, admissions committees often value evidence that you can connect psychological theory to real workplace, school, clinical, community, or organizational problems.
The importance of experience depends on the concentration. Industrial-organizational psychology, behavioral health leadership, ABA, coaching, and consulting-focused doctorates often benefit from a strong professional resume. Research-heavy psychology PhD programs may care more about lab experience, publications, statistics, and faculty fit.
Applicants from education, youth services, family support, or developmental settings can use prior experience to show applied fit. For example, professionals exploring child psychology master's programs may later pursue doctoral work if their goals expand into leadership, program evaluation, supervision, or advanced consultation.
To make experience count, translate job duties into doctoral readiness. Admissions committees do not simply need to know that you worked in a field; they need to see how that work prepared you for advanced study.
- Quantify leadership when possible. Mention teams supervised, programs managed, training delivered, clients served, or systems improved without overstating results.
- Connect experience to a doctoral problem. Explain the applied issue you want to study, such as workforce burnout, behavioral intervention quality, school mental health access, assessment equity, or organizational change.
- Use recommendations strategically. Choose supervisors or faculty who can discuss analytical thinking, ethics, writing, initiative, and follow-through.
- Show readiness for research use. Even applied doctorates require evidence-based thinking, so highlight data analysis, program evaluation, quality improvement, or assessment experience.
- Address online learning discipline. If you have balanced work and graduate study before, say so. Online doctoral programs want students who can self-manage.
Experience is not a substitute for every requirement. If a program requires a license, supervised hours, or prerequisite coursework, a strong resume may not override the rule. But when the program uses holistic review, experience can help explain why an applicant with average grades or a nontraditional background is still a strong fit.
Can non-Applied Psychology majors qualify for a doctorate in the discipline?
Non-Applied Psychology majors can qualify for some online doctorates in the discipline, especially if they have a related master's degree, relevant professional experience, or completed bridge coursework. However, degree mismatch is more complicated for licensure-oriented programs. Clinical, counseling, school psychology, and some behavioral health pathways may require specific prerequisites, supervised experience, or accreditation conditions.
Applicants from social work, counseling, education, human resources, public health, criminal justice, business, healthcare administration, or behavior analysis often have transferable preparation. The challenge is proving that the background is not merely adjacent, but adequate for doctoral-level psychology coursework.
Students considering clinical or counseling-adjacent routes should compare prerequisite expectations early. Reviewing online clinical psychology masters can help non-psychology majors understand the foundational coursework often expected before doctoral study, especially in psychopathology, assessment, ethics, research methods, and human development.
Non-majors typically use one of three pathways to qualify. Each makes sense in different circumstances.
- Leveling courses. Choose this route when the school requires specific psychology foundations, such as statistics, abnormal psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, personality theory, or research methods.
- Bridge program or qualifying master's degree. Choose this route when your bachelor's degree is unrelated and you need a stronger academic base before applying to doctoral programs.
- Prior Learning Assessment or portfolio review. Choose this route only when the school has a formal policy allowing professional training, certifications, publications, or documented work products to count toward prerequisite review or transfer credit.
Prior Learning Assessment can be useful, but applicants should be cautious. PLA may reduce elective credits or demonstrate readiness, but it rarely replaces core doctoral research, ethics, assessment, or practicum requirements. It also may not satisfy state licensing boards, employers, or certification bodies.
The best move is to request a prerequisite audit before applying. Send unofficial transcripts, a resume, certification records, and course descriptions. Ask the advisor which requirements are missing, whether they can be completed before admission, and whether any must be taken at that institution.
Are online Applied Psychology doctorate programs less competitive than on-campus programs?
Online Applied Psychology doctorate programs are often less competitive than on-campus research PhD programs, but the comparison depends on the degree type. A fully funded campus PhD with a small faculty-mentor model is usually more selective than a self-funded online professional doctorate. A licensure-oriented online or hybrid PsyD, however, may still be selective because accreditation, practicum placement, and supervision capacity can limit enrollment.
The biggest difference is not academic rigor; it is admissions design. Online professional programs often assess whether the applicant can succeed in a structured doctoral curriculum. Campus research PhD programs often assess whether the applicant fits a specific research agenda and can contribute to a funded lab.
The table below compares common online and on-campus admissions factors so you can decide which route fits your profile.
| Factor | Online Applied Psychology doctorate | On-campus research PhD |
| Admissions model | Often holistic, professional, and cohort-based | Often mentor-based and research-match driven |
| Work flexibility | Usually designed for employed adults | Often expects full-time campus participation |
| Funding | More often self-funded through tuition, aid, or employer support | May offer assistantships, stipends, or tuition support |
| Selectivity driver | Academic readiness, professional goals, writing, and fit | Faculty fit, research experience, publications, and funding capacity |
| Completion format | Coursework online with dissertation, capstone, practicum, or project requirements | Research apprenticeship, dissertation, seminars, and campus-based milestones |
| Best for | Working professionals seeking applied advancement | Future researchers, faculty, and scientists seeking intensive research training |
The trade-off is important. Lower admissions barriers may come with less institutional funding, higher personal tuition responsibility, or fewer research assistantship opportunities. More selective programs may offer stronger research mentorship or funding, but they may be harder to enter and less flexible for adults with jobs or family responsibilities.
Online does not automatically mean easier coursework. Doctoral-level reading, writing, research design, ethics, and independent project work remain demanding. The difference is that online programs may remove admissions barriers that are less relevant to working professionals, such as relocation, full-time campus presence, or GRE screening.
Are there online Applied Psychology doctorate programs that do not require a traditional dissertation?
Some online Applied Psychology doctorate programs do not require a traditional dissertation, but they usually require another rigorous doctoral project. Common alternatives include applied capstones, doctoral projects, program evaluations, quality-improvement projects, consulting projects, intervention designs, or practice-based research portfolios.
This matters for applicants who want to apply psychology in workplaces, schools, behavioral health systems, nonprofit programs, correctional settings, or consulting environments. A capstone can be more practical than a traditional dissertation when the goal is solving an applied problem rather than producing original theory for an academic research audience.
The table below explains the most common doctoral completion models and how they affect fit.
| Completion model | What students produce | Best fit | Important limitation |
| Traditional dissertation | Original research study with committee review | Applicants interested in research, teaching, or PhD-level scholarship | Can take longer if data collection or committee approval is delayed |
| Applied dissertation | Research focused on a real-world professional problem | Practitioners who want scholarly depth and workplace relevance | Still requires strong research and writing skills |
| Doctoral capstone | Practice-based project, intervention plan, evaluation, or implementation product | Working professionals seeking leadership or applied change roles | May be less suitable for research-intensive academic careers |
| Consulting or portfolio project | Professional deliverables supported by evidence and reflection | Organizational, coaching, HR, and leadership-focused students | Employer recognition varies by field and role |
A non-dissertation pathway is not a shortcut if the school is legitimate. It should still require literature review, ethical reasoning, data-informed decision-making, faculty evaluation, and doctoral-level writing. Be cautious with any program that makes the final project sound effortless or vague.
Ask whether the capstone is completed individually, whether it requires Institutional Review Board review, how committee feedback works, and whether students receive structured project milestones. A clear capstone process can reduce completion risk, especially for online students balancing work and family responsibilities.
How can students increase their chances of getting into a Applied Psychology doctorate program?
Students can increase their chances of getting into an Applied Psychology doctorate program by applying strategically rather than broadly. The strongest applicants do not simply meet minimum requirements; they show a coherent reason for the doctorate, evidence of readiness, and a realistic match between the program and career goal.
Start with a program-screening process. This helps you avoid wasting applications on schools that cannot admit your profile or do not support your intended outcome.
- Verify regional accreditation through a recognized U.S. accreditor before evaluating convenience, speed, or admissions flexibility.
- Check whether the degree type matches your goal, such as leadership, consulting, behavior analysis, teaching, research, or licensure preparation.
- Read the exact GPA policy and ask whether the program offers conditional admission, last-60-credit review, or graduate GPA emphasis.
- Confirm the GRE or GMAT policy in writing, including whether waivers are automatic or case-by-case.
- Ask whether non-psychology majors need leveling courses and whether those courses must be completed before admission.
- Compare dissertation, applied dissertation, and capstone requirements to your career goals and work schedule.
- Estimate total cost, including tuition, fees, residencies, travel, books, technology, and lost work time.
Your application materials should then be built around the risks in your profile. If your GPA is weak, emphasize recent coursework and a GPA addendum. If your degree is mismatched, emphasize bridge coursework. If you lack research experience, highlight evaluation, data, assessment, or evidence-based practice work.
Use the following tactics to make the application stronger.
- Write a focused statement of purpose. Explain the applied problem you want to address, why doctoral training is necessary, and why the program's curriculum fits that goal.
- Choose recommenders who can speak to doctoral behaviors. Strong letters discuss writing, ethical judgment, persistence, analytical thinking, leadership, and ability to use feedback.
- Submit a polished scholarly writing sample if allowed. This is especially helpful for applicants with older low grades or no recent academic record.
- Document professional achievements carefully. Use evidence such as program outcomes, supervisory scope, training responsibilities, certifications, presentations, or evaluation projects.
- Contact admissions before applying. Ask targeted questions about your GPA, prerequisites, testing waiver, transfer credits, and capstone expectations.
Applicants should also avoid common mistakes that can make an "easy" program risky. The biggest mistake is assuming that accessible admissions equals good fit. Accreditation, licensure alignment, faculty support, cost, and completion structure matter as much as acceptance odds.
- Applying without verifying regional accreditation.
- Assuming the doctorate will automatically meet state psychologist licensure requirements.
- Ignoring whether the program is clinical, nonclinical, organizational, behavioral health, ABA-focused, or general applied psychology.
- Failing to submit a GPA addendum when grades need context.
- Choosing a program only because it does not require the GRE.
- Overlooking transfer credit, Prior Learning Assessment, and residency policies.
- Underestimating the time required for dissertation, capstone, practicum, or internship milestones.
- Borrowing for a doctorate without comparing likely career use, employer recognition, and total cost of attendance.
Before applying, ask admissions advisors direct questions. Good questions include:
- "How many students enter each cohort?"
- "What percentage complete the capstone or dissertation within the expected timeline?"
- "How are online students supported if they fall behind?"
- "Does this program meet licensure requirements in my state?"
- "Can I speak with a current student or recent graduate?"
Schools that answer clearly are usually easier to evaluate than schools that rely on vague promises.
Other Things You Should Know About Applied Psychology
Many online Applied Psychology doctorates take about three to five years, depending on transfer credits, enrollment pace, dissertation or capstone requirements, and whether the student studies part time. Programs with structured capstone milestones may feel more predictable, but they still require sustained doctoral-level work.
They can be respected when the school is properly accredited, the curriculum matches the role, and the student can show relevant expertise. Employer recognition depends more on accreditation, field fit, experience, and job function than on online delivery alone.
Not automatically. Licensure usually depends on the exact degree, program accreditation, supervised hours, internship structure, exams, and state board rules. Applicants seeking licensed psychologist roles should confirm requirements with the state board before enrolling.
It may be worth it if the degree supports a clear career goal, such as leadership, consulting, teaching, behavioral health administration, or advanced applied practice. It may not be worth it if the program is expensive, poorly aligned with licensure needs, or chosen only because admission seems easy.
References
- Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) Online Degree Program https://www.calsouthern.edu/online-degree-programs/behavioral-sciences/doctor-psychology-psyd/
- PsyD vs. PhD in Psychology https://onlinecounselingprograms.com/mental-health-careers/how-to-become-psychologist/psyd-vs-phd-in-psychology/
- Online Ph.D. in Applied Psychology Programs: 2026 Guide https://www.counselingpsychology.org/psychology/degrees/applied-psychology/doctorate/
- Psychology Ph.D. & Psy.D.: Costs, Requirements, And Careers https://www.psychology.org/degrees/phd/
- Applying to Too Many Elite Colleges Is a Bad Strategy | What to Do Instead — Lantern College Counseling https://www.lanterncollegecounseling.com/insights/the-flawed-approach-of-applying-to-many-prestigious-colleges-to-increase-your-chance-of-acceptance-and-what-to-do-instead
- Psy.D Programs.org - Best Accredited Psychology Doctorate Degrees Near Me https://psydprograms.org/
- Can You Get Into Online College With a Low GPA? 2026 Guide https://www.collegetransitions.com/blog/can-you-get-into-online-college-with-a-low-gpa/
- 10 Ways to Improve Your Admissions Chances https://www.citizensbank.com/student/articles/ways-improve-admissions-chances.aspx
- Best APA-Accredited Clinical Psychology Psy.D. Programs for 2025 https://www.onlinepsychologydegrees.com/specialty/clinical-psychology/top-psyd-programs/
- PhD in Clinical Psychology https://www.fielding.edu/school-of-psychology/phd-in-clinical-psychology/