Choosing an online liberal arts master's program involves more than scanning per-credit tuition rates. Variations in mandatory fees, residency requirements, and delivery formats can significantly alter the true cost of attendance. In 2024, nearly 45% of graduate enrollments are in online programs, driven by the expanded flexibility adult learners demand, according to the National Center for Education Statistics.
Yet, this growth highlights disparities in program transparency and accreditation-factors that influence employer recognition and licensure eligibility. This guide systematically breaks down tuition and hidden expenses across institution types, enabling prospective students to create accurate, comprehensive cost comparisons and make informed investment decisions.
Key Things to Know About the Cost per Credit for Online Liberal Arts Master's Programs
Variations in per-credit costs between public, private nonprofit, and for-profit institutions often mask significant hidden fees; budgeting solely on sticker price risks underestimating total expenses, burdening students with unexpected debt or extended time to completion.
Accreditation type directly influences employer recognition and licensure eligibility, making program selection critical; less rigorous accreditation can limit workforce mobility despite lower upfront costs, affecting long-term career flexibility.
Residency policies restricting in-state tuition benefits for online liberal arts programs disproportionately impact adult and place-bound learners, a key demographic in 2024's 15% growth of online graduate enrollment, often increasing overall financial strain.
What Is the Average Cost per Credit Hour for Online Liberal Arts Master's Programs, and How Does It Compare Across Institution Types?
Focusing on the average cost per credit hour provides the most practical perspective when evaluating online liberal arts master's programs, as it isolates the foundational pricing component across varied institutions. Unlike total program tuition, which fluctuates due to differences in credit requirements and surcharges, the cost per credit allows professionals and students to dissect the base financial commitment required for educational progression.
For example, a working professional weighing a stay-at-home transition must consider whether higher per-credit costs at a private nonprofit school justify potentially smaller class sizes or specialized instruction, compared to a public university's lower per-credit rate but possibly larger cohorts. This granular approach prevents misleading conclusions that could arise from surface-level tuition comparisons.
Analysis of recent IPEDS data highlights distinct patterns in per-credit pricing across institution types. Public universities tend to offer the most economical rate, generally falling between $400 and $700 per credit, reflecting state support mechanisms and broader enrollment pools. Private nonprofit institutions command higher rates, often in the $700 to $1,200 range, driven by operational costs and student services targeted to niche academic communities.
Private for-profit providers show the widest disparity, ranging from $500 to $1,500 per credit, shaped by aggressive market positioning and variant program packaging, which can inflate costs unpredictably. Understanding these divides is crucial for prospective students focused on the cost-to-value ratio of their degree investments.
Beyond list prices, real costs diverge sharply due to several critical factors. Residency status frequently halves or doubles per-credit charges at public universities, creating a major financial inflection point for nonresident learners. Additionally, mandatory program fees-covering materials, technology access, or specialty memberships-add layers of expense that traditional tuition figures often obscure.
Differing institutional billing models further complicate comparisons; flat-rate tuition per term versus strict per-course billing can influence how cost aligns with enrollment patterns, directly affecting cash flow and total out-of-pocket expenditure for students pacing their studies part-time.
This guide adopts a structured lens to dissect these variables systematically:
Institutional Type: Evaluating baseline pricing trends among public, private nonprofit, and for-profit entities to ground cost discussions in institutional realities.
Residency and Fees: Assessing how domicile status and mandatory ancillary charges modify net tuition obligations.
Accreditation and Financial Aid: Exploring how program legitimacy and aid accessibility impact net affordability and graduate market value.
Program Delivery and Outcomes: Integrating modality considerations and career alignment to contextualize tuition figures in terms of professional advantage and economic return.
Ultimately, viewing per-credit costs alongside total program expenses empowers prospective students to formulate a comprehensive estimate of their tuition investment that incorporates both visible and hidden costs. This nuanced financial understanding is critical for those aiming to maximize the ROI of a liberal arts degree and discern its standing relative to broader labor market demands, particularly when aligned with insights from fields surrounding the highest paid degrees.
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How Many Credit Hours Are Typically Required to Complete an Online Liberal Arts Master's Program, and How Does That Affect Total Tuition?
Tuition costs often mislead prospective students when evaluated solely on a per-credit basis, as total degree expenses depend heavily on the required credit hours. Choosing a program with fewer credits but higher per-credit rates can be more cost-effective than a longer program with lower rates, especially for career changers and place-bound students balancing financial and time constraints.
Online liberal arts master's programs generally require between 30 and 60 credit hours, a range shaped by accreditation demands, the inclusion of thesis or non-thesis options, and the necessity of practicum or internship components. This variability drives wide differences in total tuition even when per-credit fees seem comparable.
Credit Hour Range: Most online programs cluster around 30 to 36 credits, but some extend requirements to 60 or more, particularly those crafted to satisfy comprehensive accreditation standards or interdisciplinary curricula.
Practicum and Internship Credits: Mandatory practical experiences often come with separate credit assignments that may incur extra costs, either through higher per-credit fees or fixed additional charges, affecting the final spend beyond the advertised tuition.
Hidden Cost Factors: Supplementary expenses for supervision, materials, or travel related to fieldwork can significantly enlarge overall outlays and distort apparent affordability when comparing programs solely on sticker prices.
Total Tuition Calculation: Prospective students need to multiply the total credit requirement by the per-credit cost, then add any extra fees associated with practicum or internships for a realistic cost estimate.
Example Formula: Total Tuition = (Credit Hours × Cost per Credit) + Additional Program Fees. For example, a 36-credit program at $500 per credit plus a $1,000 practicum fee totals $19,000, whereas a 60-credit program at $350 per credit with no extra fees sums to $21,000-illustrating that a lower per-credit cost doesn't always equal greater affordability.
Accurately estimating all-in tuition is essential for working professionals weighing career transition investments and for first-generation students seeking credentials employers and licensure boards will recognize without financial surprises.
Which Online Liberal Arts Master's Programs Offer the Lowest Cost per Credit Hour Among Accredited Institutions?
Cost-conscious professionals and recent graduates often encounter tradeoffs when examining the lowest cost per credit hour online liberal arts master's programs, as headline tuition rates rarely reflect total financial burden. Institutional examples illustrate these nuances vividly.
Fort Hays State University: At about $218 per credit with 36 total credits, the program estimates tuition near $7,848. This rate applies uniformly to in-state and out-of-state students, though a technology fee increases overall costs slightly.
University of North Dakota: Charging roughly $280 per credit for a 30-credit curriculum, the estimated tuition is $8,400. The cohort enrollment model requires continuous semester participation, potentially limiting flexibility, and international students face additional fees.
Eastern New Mexico University: Offering 36 credits at approximately $245 per credit, tuition totals around $8,820. Residency impacts fees moderately and mandatory technology and student services fees add to expenses.
California State University, Stanislaus: Near $300 per credit for 30 credits yields a $9,000 estimate. However, out-of-state students pay higher rates, while enrollment remains flexible without cohort constraints.
Lamar University: With a per-credit cost near $275 for 30 credits, the estimated tuition reaches $8,250. Notably, out-of-state online students pay the same rate as Texas residents, but other fees apply.
These figures exclude additional obligatory charges such as library or activity fees that often total several hundred dollars per semester, affecting net affordability substantially. Programs with cohort models or continuous enrollment mandates may also constrain learners balancing education with work or personal commitments. Residency-based pricing differences further complicate the true cost comparison.
While these are among the lowest per-credit rates for accredited online liberal arts master's degrees, students must integrate these conditions and variable fees into a full budget assessment. Tuition rates fluctuate across years and institutional policy shifts, so direct verification remains essential before enrollment. A detailed and actionable resource like the affordable online master's programs guide aids in navigating these complexities to estimate all-in costs and inform prudent decisions.
How Do In-State vs. Out-of-State Tuition Rates Apply to Online Liberal Arts Master's Programs, and Which Schools Offer Flat Tuition Regardless of Residency?
Public universities traditionally charged online students different tuition rates based on residency, imposing higher fees on out-of-state learners aimed at recovering full educational costs absent state subsidies. This created a financial barrier for non-residents pursuing online liberal arts master's degrees, complicating affordability for career changers, recent grads, and those studying remotely while tied to a particular location.
Recently, numerous institutions have shifted toward a uniform tuition model for online programs, eliminating residency-based disparities. This trend acknowledges that online students do not utilize campus-based resources in a traditional manner, encouraging a geographically diverse student body without imposing additional out-of-state costs.
The financial impact of this model is significant; students outside a university's home state can avoid premium rates that may add thousands of dollars to the total expense. Residency rules and regional compacts such as the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (WICHE) or the Southern Regional Education Board (SREB) still influence tuition costs, often offering discounted rates for neighboring states.
However, these agreements vary widely in scope and are subject to change, necessitating proactive confirmation of current policies directly from bursar or financial aid offices. Public universities known to offer flat, residency-neutral per-credit tuition for online liberal arts master's programs include:
University of Alabama: flat rates for online liberal arts graduate courses;
University of Central Florida: uniform tuition across most online graduate offerings;
Oregon State University: single tuition rate supporting nationwide learners;
Illinois State University: fixed per-credit charges regardless of residency;
University of Nebraska-Lincoln: consistent pricing for resident and non-resident students.
In contrast, several respected institutions maintain differential tuition structures that can disadvantage out-of-state online students financially. Because these policies can fluctuate with institutional budget priorities or strategic shifts and may not be clearly updated on public websites, verifying with school officials ensures accurate all-in cost estimates before committing.
One graduate recalled applying for a regional online liberal arts program that displayed no clear residency pricing online. She hesitated to submit her application early due to uncertainty about the total cost and waited for the bursar's office to confirm rates during rolling admissions.
The resulting delay compressed her preparation timeline and added stress, highlighting how unclear tuition policies can complicate strategic enrollment decisions-especially for those balancing work and family commitments who can't afford financial surprises mid-program.
What Mandatory Fees Are Added to Per-Credit Tuition for Online Liberal Arts Master's Programs, and How Much Do They Increase the Real Cost?
Evaluating tuition per credit without factoring in mandatory fees can severely underestimate the total expenditure for online liberal arts master's programs. These additional charges often create a financial impact that exceeds initial budgeting expectations, sometimes elevating the real cost by 10% or more. For instance, a program priced at $600 per credit might impose fees totaling around $2,000 across a 30-credit degree.
Technology Fees: These cover digital infrastructure such as learning management systems and virtual libraries, typically ranging from $10 to $50 per credit or a flat amount per term, cumulatively adding several hundred dollars.
Program Fees: Applied to support discipline-specific resources or capstone projects, these fees often raise costs by 5% to 8% over tuition and vary by institution.
Student Services Fees: Funding career support, counseling, and student activities, these annual fees usually fall between $100 and $500 but accumulate over multiple years of study.
Graduation and Application Fees: One-time expenses from $100 to $300 that can catch students unprepared if not included in early cost assessments.
Clinical or Practicum Surcharges: Relevant for programs with experiential components, these fees cover supervision and compliance costs, adding further to the total.
These fees are often difficult to locate in institutional disclosures, appearing separately from tuition figures. Failing to obtain a comprehensive fee schedule can mislead candidates during financial comparisons and hinder accurate ROI calculations.
The most reliable approach is to incorporate prorated mandatory fees into an all-in per-credit cost. This method equips prospective students to make informed decisions grounded in the true economic demands of their chosen programs, aligning educational investment with realistic post-graduation prospects.
How Do Online Liberal Arts Master's Program Costs Compare Between Public and Private Universities?
The cost comparison of online liberal arts master's programs at public versus private universities reveals a nuanced tradeoff between price and value. Public institutions generally offer lower per-credit tuition due to state subsidies, legislative tuition caps, and economies of scale stemming from large online enrollments and established infrastructure.
For example, an in-state student may pay significantly less per credit at a public university, which can be a decisive factor for budget-conscious learners funding their own education. However, private nonprofit and for-profit universities often set higher per-credit rates to compensate for limited public funding and to invest in enhanced services.
Cost Structures: Public universities benefit from state appropriations and policies that restrict tuition increases, enabling them to maintain affordable rates across many online liberal arts graduate degrees. Private institutions, particularly nonprofits, have started offering more competitively priced online programs to capture a growing market of distance learners, slightly reducing the traditional public-private tuition gap.
Value Considerations: Higher tuition at private schools often corresponds with smaller cohort sizes, lower faculty-to-student ratios, and expanded career services. Students aiming for individualized academic support or expecting strong employer brand recognition may find this tradeoff worthwhile.
Accreditation and Licensing: Accreditation equivalency between public and private online programs remains critical; students must ensure chosen programs meet licensure and professional standards. Cheaper online degrees lacking proper accreditation can limit employability despite upfront savings.
Total Cost of Attendance: Tuition is only part of the picture. Students should factor in mandatory fees, technology costs, and available financial aid. Public universities often provide residency-based discounts and state grants, while private schools may offer merit scholarships or innovative funding models, influencing the all-in cost.
Residency Policies: Public institutions frequently differentiate tuition by residency status, benefiting in-state candidates with lower rates. Private universities typically apply uniform pricing, which can advantage non-resident students or those outside state boundaries.
Employer Perceptions: Many employers value the reputation of private nonprofit degrees, especially from institutions with notable alumni networks. However, acclaimed public universities also hold significant prestige. Evaluating how program reputation aligns with career goals is essential when considering cost.
For those exploring tuition differences between public and private online liberal arts graduate degrees, evaluating total program value alongside per-credit cost is key. Prospective students can benefit from resources such as best certifications for jobs to understand how credentials influence workforce outcomes in various sectors.
Are There Online Liberal Arts Master's Programs With Tuition Locked In at Enrollment, and How Does Tuition Lock Affect Long-Term Cost Planning?
Locking in tuition rates at enrollment offers a strategic advantage for students in online liberal arts master's programs, especially those who anticipate part-time study extending over several years. Without this guarantee, annual per-credit increases can significantly inflate the final cost, eroding financial predictability and complicating long-term budgeting.
Institutions vary in how they apply tuition locks. Some guarantee rates per cohort, holding prices steady only for students starting simultaneously, while others fix rates per academic year or span a specified number of continuous semesters, requiring uninterrupted enrollment to maintain the lock.
This policy is particularly valuable for working professionals balancing fluctuating schedules; it shields them from unexpected financial strain due to incremental tuition hikes. However, missing a semester or pausing enrollment often voids the lock, reverting students to current, potentially higher rates.
Therefore, students should explicitly confirm the existence of a tuition lock, obtain written policies outlining terms and forfeiture conditions, and integrate this into comprehensive cost comparisons. This ensures that what appears as a lower per-credit price at enrollment remains reliable over the duration of degree completion.
An online liberal arts graduate recalled hesitating before accepting an offer due to uncertainty over the tuition lock's duration. With rolling admissions and conditional acceptance timelines, the student delayed application finalization to gather more details on the lock terms.
This caused the risk of losing the guaranteed rate, but the clarification provided essential reassurance. Ultimately, the tuition lock helped contain costs despite extended enrollment periods necessitated by work obligations, illustrating the critical role of timing and clear communication during admissions decisions.
What Financial Aid, Scholarships, and Employer Tuition Benefits Are Available to Reduce the Net Cost of an Online Liberal Arts Master's Degree?
Reducing the net cost of an online liberal arts master's degree requires strategic navigation of financial aid options, each with distinct accessibility and tradeoffs. Federal unsubsidized loans remain the most widely available mechanism, offering fixed interest rates and flexible repayment, yet they increase the overall debt burden since interest accrues immediately.
Graduate assistantships, which can substantially offset tuition through stipends or waivers, are often inaccessible to online students, as many institutions restrict these roles to on-campus participants. This discrepancy underscores a critical awareness gap for remote learners evaluating their aid prospects.
Institutional scholarships at the master's level tend to be fewer and less generous than undergraduate awards, and eligibility criteria vary considerably. The limited supply means prospective students must proactively engage with financial aid offices to clarify specific opportunities tailored for online cohorts.
Professional association awards provide niche scholarships or grants but generally require membership and proof of academic or professional potential, making early application and networking essential for unlocking these funds. Employers in nonprofit, education, or cultural sectors, aligned with liberal arts disciplines, increasingly offer tuition reimbursement benefits as part of workforce retention strategies.
The IRS allows up to $5,250 per year tax-free, providing meaningful relief for working students who negotiate these clauses into their contracts. Understanding and maximizing these benefits effectively lowers the net per-credit cost and can redefine the ROI for self-funded degrees. Evaluating programs strictly by sticker price overlooks such financial aid nuances, which vary significantly by institution and delivery format.
Collecting detailed net cost estimates from each program's financial aid office is critical. Doing so enables side-by-side comparison that incorporates institutional aid, employer tuition reimbursement benefits for liberal arts graduate degrees, and other offsets beyond the published tuition. This data-driven approach supports financially informed enrollment decisions, particularly for first-generation students or career changers dependent on accurate affordability assessments.
For professionals pivoting fields or evaluating return on investment, understanding financial aid landscapes alongside outcomes like employment demand, including fields with defined labor needs such as speech-language pathology, can guide effective funding strategies. Research shows that enrollment peaks just after admission offers, underscoring the value of early, comprehensive cost analysis in the admission cycle.
For instance, those contemplating shifts into related careers may compare potential salary outcomes; a useful resource on sector earning potential is available, linked here for the SLP salary. Integrating this with net cost data clarifies whether the investment aligns with long-term employment and financial goals when choosing among online liberal arts graduate programs.
How Does the Cost per Credit for Online Liberal Arts Master's Programs Differ by Delivery Format-Synchronous, Asynchronous, or Hybrid?
Cost per credit differences in online liberal arts master's programs typically reflect the delivery format's operational demands rather than simple pricing strategies. Synchronous programs often carry higher per-credit tuition because live online sessions require sustained institutional investments in real-time classroom technology, dedicated faculty availability, and complex scheduling systems.
For working adults balancing employment and family, these fixed class times may increase the risk of extended time-to-degree, indirectly raising the total cost of earning the credential despite potentially higher per-credit fees. By contrast, asynchronous formats typically offer lower per-credit rates due to scalable course delivery and reduced synchronous faculty time.
This model's flexibility can allow students to progress steadily without fixed timing constraints, often accelerating program completion-a critical factor when self-funding graduate education in liberal arts. However, some institutions offset these efficiencies by charging additional fees for digital resources and support services designed to substitute for live interaction, which affects the true cost.
Hybrid programs blend both approaches and usually fall between synchronous and asynchronous tuition levels. However, hybrid students must factor in indirect costs such as travel, lodging, and childcare for on-campus obligations-expenses that can significantly increase the overall financial burden even if the per-credit price appears competitive.
These hidden costs complicate direct tuition comparisons and highlight the importance of assessing full all-in expenses aligned with personal circumstances. Evaluating tuition differences in synchronous asynchronous hybrid liberal arts master's degrees requires more than per-credit cost analysis.
Prospective students should weigh scheduling fit, institutional investment in delivery infrastructure, and indirect financial impacts to identify the format that maximizes return on investment through timely program completion and workforce alignment. For detailed enrollment options with flexible start times, consider exploring online colleges with weekly start dates.
Institutional Investment: Synchronous formats require ongoing IT management, live-session support, and sophisticated scheduling infrastructure contributing to higher operational costs.
Scalability: Asynchronous delivery enables more flexible enrollment sizes and reduced need for synchronous faculty time, often lowering per-credit tuition.
Hidden Student Costs: Hybrid programs can impose travel-related expenses that add to total cost beyond tuition, while synchronous formats may limit flexible study, affecting time-to-degree and overall financial outlay.
Scheduling Constraints: Synchronous programs' fixed class times can conflict with work or family obligations, potentially prolonging study duration and increasing cumulative expenses.
Long-Term Efficiency: Choosing a format well-aligned with personal circumstances often leads to faster program completion and better return on tuition investment-important when self-funding graduate education.
What Is the Minimum GPA Requirement for Liberal Arts Master's Program Admission, and How Does Selectivity Relate to Per-Credit Cost?
Minimum GPA requirements function as an initial academic gatekeeper rather than a direct predictor of admission outcomes in online liberal arts master's programs. While many universities set a baseline at 3.0, there is notable variation, with thresholds ranging from 2.75 at less selective institutions to as high as 3.5 for programs with more competitive cohorts.
These GPA cutoffs signal baseline qualifications but do not reflect the full admission landscape, where average admitted students frequently surpass the minimum, leading to stark differences in admission likelihood for applicants hovering near that threshold. The connection between program selectivity-measured by GPA cutoff, acceptance rates, or cohort size-and per-credit tuition presents a nuanced picture.
Although it's logical to associate higher selectivity with elevated tuition due to perceived exclusivity, faculty caliber, and potential career benefits, the liberal arts online degree market resists a strict correlation. Some moderately selective programs maintain tuition rates comparable to more selective schools, challenging the assumption that higher selectivity necessarily entails higher cost.
For working professionals or recent graduates managing self-funded tuition, this implies a strategic tradeoff: targeting programs where their GPA comfortably exceeds admissions standards may offer a favorable balance of cost and competitive admission chances. Applicants benefit from integrating selectivity into cost considerations by applying to a mix of programs.
Including at least one or two where admission probability is strong allows more reliable tuition budgeting and avoids overinvestment in aspirational but uncertain options. This pragmatic approach aligns academic profiles with financial realities, enhancing decision-making for those prioritizing both affordability and professional return in liberal arts graduate education.
Minimum GPA: Typically 3.0, but varies between 2.75 and 3.5 depending on program competitiveness.
Selectivity-Cost Dynamics: Higher selectivity can coincide with increased per-credit pricing but is not a universal rule.
Applicant Profiles: Average admitted GPA often exceeds minimum, affecting borderline candidates' admission prospects.
Strategic Applications: Prioritize programs where academic credentials clearly outpace minimum GPA to align admission likelihood with tuition costs.
Cost-Selectivity Tradeoff: Moderately selective programs may offer tuition rates similar to top-tier options, supporting financially sound enrollment decisions.
What Graduates Say About the Cost per Credit for Online Liberal Arts Master's Programs
Callen: "Balancing a full-time job with family commitments meant I needed a program that offered true flexibility, which is why I chose an online liberal arts master's. While the coursework demanded discipline, the asynchronous format allowed me to build a professional portfolio on my own schedule, ultimately helping me secure a remote content strategist role. However, I've noticed that without additional certifications, certain senior positions remain out of reach."
Koen: "I switched careers from retail management to education, but faced financial constraints that ruled out many traditional programs, so the online liberal arts degree was a practical choice. The internship opportunities embedded in the curriculum were crucial; they helped me gain hands-on experience that impressed hiring committees despite my atypical background. Still, competing for tenure-track roles remains challenging without a PhD."
Owen: "After a few years stuck in entry-level roles, I enrolled in a liberal arts online master's to boost my qualifications, knowing it wouldn't resolve all my advancement challenges. The intensive workload was tough alongside freelance work, but it sharpened my critical thinking and writing skills, leading to a part-time teaching job and several published essays. I've learned that real-world experience and portfolio pieces weigh heavily with employers, sometimes more than the degree itself."
Other Things You Should Know About Liberal Arts Degrees
How do per-credit costs for online liberal arts master's programs at regionally accredited schools compare to those at nationally accredited institutions?
Regionally accredited programs generally command higher per-credit tuition than nationally accredited ones, reflecting their stronger academic reputation and recognition by employers and transfer institutions. While national accreditation might reduce sticker price, it often limits career mobility because many employers and graduate programs favor regionally accredited degrees. Therefore, investing in a regionally accredited online liberal arts master's program usually yields better long-term returns despite higher upfront costs.
What are the hidden costs of completing an online liberal arts master's program that don't appear in the per-credit tuition rate?
Beyond tuition, students should anticipate expenses like mandatory technology fees, course materials, proctoring services, and sometimes campus visit requirements, all of which can add several hundred to thousands of dollars. These hidden costs disproportionately affect lower-cost programs, which may advertise attractive per-credit rates but inflate total cost through fees. Accurately budgeting for these additional expenses is critical for self-funded students to avoid unexpected financial strain.
How should prospective students use per-credit cost data to compare and choose among online liberal arts master's programs?
Per-credit tuition is only part of the affordability equation; students must integrate expected fees, credit requirements, and program length into a comprehensive cost estimate. Programs with slightly higher per-credit rates but fewer total credits or lower ancillary fees might offer better value. Prioritize programs with transparent, consistent cost structures and confirm accreditation and outcome metrics to avoid hidden financial tradeoffs that erode return on investment.
How do the per-credit costs of online liberal arts master's programs at for-profit institutions compare to nonprofit alternatives, and what are the risks?
For-profit schools often advertise competitive per-credit rates but tend to impose higher fees and carry weaker academic reputations, which influences employer perception and credit transferability. These factors can limit career flexibility and graduate study options post-degree. Nonprofit programs usually offer more stable quality and better recognition; prospective students should weigh lower upfront per-credit costs at for-profit institutions against potential long-term drawbacks in career and academic advancement.