2026 Online PharmD Programs With Health Systems Pharmacy Coursework

Imed Bouchrika, PhD

by Imed Bouchrika, PhD

Co-Founder and Chief Data Scientist

What is an online PharmD with health systems pharmacy focus, and who is it for?

An online PharmD with a health systems pharmacy focus is a Doctor of Pharmacy program delivered partly through online coursework while still requiring hands-on labs, supervised clinical rotations, and experiential training in real healthcare settings. "Health systems pharmacy" refers to pharmacy practice in hospitals, academic medical centers, ambulatory clinics, integrated delivery networks, long-term care systems, managed care organizations, and other settings where pharmacists help manage medication use across a patient population or institution.

This path is best for students who want to become licensed pharmacists and are especially interested in inpatient care, clinical pharmacy, medication safety, transitions of care, pharmacy operations, informatics, or leadership within a healthcare system. It is not simply an online healthcare management degree; it is a professional doctorate designed to prepare graduates for pharmacist licensure.

Students should understand the distinction between delivery format and professional requirements. Online PharmD programs may let students complete didactic coursework remotely, but they still require in-person components because pharmacists must demonstrate clinical, communication, dispensing, compounding, and patient-care competencies. A program that claims to be entirely online with no supervised experiential training should be treated as a serious red flag.

This type of program is usually a strong fit for applicants who can manage remote coursework but are also prepared to travel for campus intensives or clinical rotations. It may be less suitable for students who need a fully asynchronous degree, cannot relocate temporarily for APPEs, or are unsure they want pharmacist licensure.

The following comparison shows how the health systems emphasis differs from broader PharmD training. This matters because a student aiming for hospital pharmacy, residency, or clinical practice should look beyond whether a program is online and examine whether the curriculum includes substantial institutional and interprofessional training.

Program elementGeneral PharmD emphasisHealth systems pharmacy emphasis
Practice settingCommunity, ambulatory, institutional, and general patient careHospitals, integrated health systems, clinics, managed care, and medication-use systems
Core skillsPharmacotherapy, counseling, dispensing, calculations, law, and patient assessmentClinical decision-making, medication safety, sterile products, informatics, formulary work, and interdisciplinary care
Experiential priorityBalanced exposure across required practice areasStrong interest in institutional IPPEs, hospital APPEs, internal medicine, critical care, infectious diseases, or ambulatory care
Typical post-graduate goalLicensure and entry into pharmacist practiceLicensure plus possible PGY1 residency, board certification pathway, or health-system leadership track

How do online PharmD programs compare with campus-based options for health systems pharmacy?

Online and campus-based PharmD programs can both lead to pharmacist licensure if they are properly accredited and meet state requirements. The better choice depends on how you learn, how much schedule flexibility you need, where you can complete rotations, and whether you want daily face-to-face access to faculty, labs, classmates, and hospital partners.

The main trade-off is flexibility versus proximity. Online programs may help students remain near family or employment during didactic coursework, but they often require more self-direction and may still include mandatory campus visits. Campus programs can make peer networking, lab access, student organizations, and local health-system relationships easier, but they may require relocation and a less flexible schedule.

This table summarizes the decision points that matter most for students targeting health systems pharmacy. Use it to identify which format better supports your clinical goals rather than choosing based only on convenience.

Decision factorOnline or hybrid PharmDCampus-based PharmDBest fit
Schedule flexibilityOften stronger for lecture-based coursework, depending on synchronous requirementsUsually more fixed class and lab schedulesOnline may fit disciplined students who need location flexibility
Clinical trainingStill in person through IPPEs and APPEs; placement support varies by schoolOften tied to established regional clinical partnersCampus may help students who want a dense local hospital network
Lab and skills practiceMay use campus intensives, simulation, remote activities, and local sitesFrequent access to simulation labs and faculty observationCampus may fit students who learn best through repeated in-person practice
NetworkingRequires intentional effort through virtual advising, associations, and rotationsMore built-in contact with classmates, faculty, and local preceptorsEither can work if the student actively builds professional relationships
Cost considerationsMay reduce relocation costs but can add travel costs for intensives and rotationsMay add housing or relocation costs but travel may be simplerCompare total cost of attendance, not tuition alone

For health systems pharmacy, the most important question is not "online or campus?" but "Will this program give me the clinical experiences, preceptor access, residency preparation, and medication-use systems training I need?" A lower-flexibility campus program with excellent hospital partnerships may be better for one student, while a well-supported online program with strong experiential placement may be better for another.

Students comparing related healthcare graduate paths should also separate clinical licensure goals from administrative goals. If you want to manage departments, budgets, or healthcare operations without becoming a pharmacist, online MHA programs may be more aligned than a PharmD.

Which online PharmD programs offering health systems pharmacy coursework are fully accredited?

The key accreditor for U.S. PharmD programs is the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education, commonly known as ACPE. To sit for pharmacist licensure in the U.S., students generally need to graduate from an ACPE-accredited Doctor of Pharmacy program and meet the licensing requirements of the state board where they plan to practice.

Online PharmD availability changes, and accreditation applies to the professional program rather than a marketing label alone. Before applying, students should confirm that the online, distance, or hybrid pathway is part of the ACPE-accredited PharmD program and not a separate unapproved track.

The examples below reflect U.S. PharmD programs commonly associated with online, distance, or hybrid delivery and health-system-relevant coursework or rotations. They are not a ranking, and students should verify current ACPE status, pathway availability, state authorization, and experiential placement policies directly with each school before enrolling.

SchoolOnline or distance format to verifyHealth systems pharmacy relevance to examineAccreditation check to perform
Creighton UniversityDistance PharmD pathwayHospital, ambulatory care, interprofessional practice, and APPE optionsConfirm current ACPE accreditation and pathway requirements
Lake Erie College of Osteopathic MedicineDistance Education Pathway for PharmDInstitutional pharmacy practice, clinical rotations, and health-system APPE opportunitiesConfirm current ACPE accreditation and state eligibility
University of FindlayDistance or online PharmD pathwayClinical pharmacy, institutional practice, and experiential training optionsConfirm current ACPE accreditation and rotation placement support
St. John Fisher UniversityOnline PharmD pathwayPatient care, hospital practice exposure, and advanced pharmacy practice experiencesConfirm current ACPE accreditation and any campus immersion requirements
Butler UniversityOnline PharmD pathwayClinical practice, medication therapy, and experiential placements relevant to health systemsConfirm current ACPE accreditation and whether the online pathway is available in your state

A common mistake is assuming that "online" equals less regulated. In pharmacy education, the opposite is true: licensure-focused programs must meet strict accreditation and experiential standards. Students should also check whether the school can place them in IPPE and APPE sites near their location or whether they must travel or relocate for rotations.

Another red flag is vague accreditation language. Phrases such as "aligned with pharmacy standards" or "prepares you for pharmacy careers" are not the same as ACPE accreditation. If the program does not clearly identify its accreditation status, professional degree type, and licensure preparation process, ask for written clarification before submitting a deposit.

What health systems pharmacy courses and clinical experiences are typically included in these programs?

Health systems pharmacy coursework teaches students how medications move through complex care environments: ordering, verification, preparation, administration, monitoring, safety review, reimbursement, and outcomes measurement. In a strong PharmD curriculum, these topics are connected to patient cases rather than taught as isolated operations concepts.

Although course titles vary, students interested in hospitals and integrated care should look for the following curricular areas. These topics signal that the program is preparing students for more than dispensing and basic counseling.

  • Advanced pharmacotherapy across acute and chronic disease states, including internal medicine, infectious diseases, cardiology, critical care, oncology, psychiatry, and ambulatory care.
  • Health systems pharmacy operations, including medication distribution, formulary management, medication-use policy, transitions of care, drug information, and pharmacy leadership.
  • Sterile compounding and hazardous drug handling, including calculations, aseptic technique, quality assurance, and standards for safe preparation.
  • Medication safety and quality improvement, including error prevention, adverse drug event monitoring, root-cause analysis, and high-alert medication practices.
  • Pharmacy informatics, including electronic health records, clinical decision support, automation, order sets, barcode medication administration, and data-driven medication-use review.
  • Interprofessional education, where pharmacy students learn to collaborate with physicians, nurses, physician assistants, social workers, and care coordinators.

Experiential education is just as important as coursework. ACPE-accredited PharmD programs include Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experiences, or IPPEs, and Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences, or APPEs. For health systems pharmacy, students should ask how many institutional, acute care, ambulatory care, and specialty elective rotations are available and how competitive they are.

The clinical experiences below are especially valuable for students who may pursue a PGY1 pharmacy residency after graduation. They help students build evidence of patient-care readiness, professional communication, and clinical judgment.

  • Hospital or institutional IPPEs that introduce medication distribution, order verification, sterile products, and pharmacist workflow in a health system.
  • Required APPEs in acute care, ambulatory care, community practice, and health systems or hospital practice.
  • Elective APPEs in areas such as internal medicine, infectious diseases, critical care, emergency medicine, oncology, pediatrics, managed care, informatics, or medication safety.
  • Longitudinal patient-care activities, including medication reconciliation, discharge counseling, chronic disease management, and interprofessional rounds when available.
  • Capstone or seminar work involving drug policy, clinical guideline review, quality improvement, pharmacoeconomics, or outcomes analysis.

A current trend shaping this training is the rise of automation and clinical decision support. Health systems increasingly use EHR-integrated alerts, automated dispensing cabinets, barcode systems, and analytics tools. That does not make pharmacists less important; it shifts the skill set toward interpreting data, reducing alert fatigue, improving workflows, and making patient-specific clinical decisions.

What admission requirements and prerequisites do online health systems-focused PharmD programs have?

Admission requirements vary by school, but online PharmD programs are not usually easier to enter than campus programs. Applicants must show they can handle rigorous science coursework, professional communication, remote learning, and the time demands of clinical training.

Most programs evaluate applicants across academic preparation, healthcare exposure, professionalism, and readiness for licensure-focused education. The following requirements are common, though each school may set its own policies.

  • Completion of prerequisite college coursework, commonly including general chemistry, organic chemistry, biology, microbiology, anatomy and physiology, calculus or statistics, economics, English composition, and social sciences.
  • A minimum cumulative and science GPA, with competitive applicants usually showing strong performance in chemistry, biology, and math-intensive courses.
  • Official transcripts from all colleges attended, including transfer, dual-enrollment, and post-baccalaureate coursework.
  • Letters of recommendation, often from science faculty, pharmacists, supervisors, or healthcare professionals who can speak to academic and professional readiness.
  • A personal statement or admissions essay explaining the applicant's interest in pharmacy, patient care, and the program's delivery format.
  • An interview, which may be virtual, in person, or a multiple mini-interview format depending on the school.
  • Background checks, immunizations, drug screening, CPR certification, and other clinical site requirements after admission or before rotations.

Some schools require the Pharmacy College Admission Test, while many have made it optional or removed it. Students should not assume that a waived PCAT lowers expectations; admissions committees can still weigh prerequisite grades, interview performance, experience, and professionalism heavily.

Applicants coming from non-pharmacy healthcare backgrounds should compare pathways carefully. If your goal is advanced nursing practice rather than pharmacist licensure, cheapest direct entry MSN programs may be a better starting point than a PharmD, especially for students who want direct patient diagnosis and nursing-based care authority.

Before applying, students should complete a practical readiness check. This helps prevent the costly mistake of enrolling in a program that does not match your location, schedule, or clinical site access.

  1. Confirm that you meet every prerequisite and whether older science credits expire.
  2. Ask whether the school accepts online lab prerequisites and from which institutions.
  3. Verify state authorization for your state of residence before applying.
  4. Ask how IPPE and APPE placements are arranged for online students.
  5. Review required campus visits, travel dates, technology requirements, and attendance rules.
  6. Calculate whether you can reduce work hours during labs, exams, and full-time rotations.

How long do online PharmD programs with health systems pharmacy training take, and what do they cost?

Most PharmD programs take about four professional years after prerequisites, although some schools offer accelerated three-year formats or pathways for students who already hold a bachelor's degree. Online delivery may reduce relocation time, but it does not usually shorten clinical requirements because supervised experiential education remains mandatory.

Cost varies widely by institution, residency status, private or public tuition structure, fees, travel, books, equipment, immunizations, background checks, housing during rotations, and lost income during full-time APPEs. The smartest comparison is total cost of attendance, not advertised tuition.

Students comparing affordability should collect these price categories from every school. PharmD programs publish tuition differently, so asking for a written total-cost estimate can make options easier to compare.

  • Tuition per credit or per academic term, multiplied by the full professional curriculum.
  • University and professional fees, including technology, student services, lab, simulation, and clinical placement fees.
  • Travel and lodging for required campus immersions, skills labs, orientation, exams, or intensives.
  • Rotation-related costs, including transportation, temporary housing, immunizations, drug screening, background checks, and professional attire.
  • Licensure preparation costs, including NAPLEX review materials, MPJE preparation, state board applications, and exam fees.
  • Opportunity cost from reduced work hours during demanding coursework or full-time APPE rotations.

Federal graduate borrowing can also shape affordability. Direct Unsubsidized Loans for graduate and professional students are capped at $20,500 per academic year, while Grad PLUS borrowing may cover remaining approved cost of attendance for eligible students. That structure means high-cost PharmD programs can lead to substantial debt unless students use scholarships, employer support, family support, savings, or lower-cost school options.

If price is your main constraint, compare accredited options and total costs before focusing on format. A guide to the cheapest online pharmacy school options can help you identify programs to investigate, but you should still verify ACPE status, state eligibility, and rotation support.

The timeline below shows how PharmD training typically unfolds. Exact sequencing varies, but health systems-focused students should use each stage to build clinical readiness and residency competitiveness.

StageTypical timingStudent priority
PrerequisitesAbout two or more years, depending on prior college creditComplete required sciences, strengthen GPA, gain pharmacy or healthcare exposure
Professional years 1 to 2Early PharmD curriculumBuild foundations in pharmacology, therapeutics, calculations, skills labs, and introductory practice
Professional year 3Advanced didactic and applied trainingSelect electives, pursue health-system exposure, join professional organizations, prepare for APPEs
Professional year 4APPE yearComplete full-time rotations, request strong evaluations, apply for licensure or residency if desired
Optional residencyAfter graduation and licensure eligibilityComplete PGY1 training for many hospital and clinical roles; consider PGY2 for specialty practice

A major mistake is choosing the shortest or cheapest program without checking whether it supports your target practice setting. An accelerated format can be attractive, but it may be intense and leave less room for paid work, remediation, research, leadership activities, or residency preparation.

How do online PharmD programs prepare graduates for pharmacist licensure and board certification?

Online PharmD programs prepare graduates for pharmacist licensure by delivering the same professional competencies expected of campus-based PharmD programs: biomedical science, pharmaceutical science, pharmacotherapy, patient assessment, medication safety, law and ethics, communication, and supervised practice experience. However, licensure is not automatic. Graduates must meet state board requirements and pass required exams.

In most U.S. jurisdictions, licensure involves several steps. Students should verify the exact sequence with the board of pharmacy in the state where they plan to practice.

  1. Graduate from an ACPE-accredited Doctor of Pharmacy program.
  2. Complete required intern hours or experiential education requirements recognized by the state board.
  3. Apply to the state board of pharmacy and submit required documentation.
  4. Pass the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination, known as the NAPLEX.
  5. Pass the Multistate Pharmacy Jurisprudence Examination, known as the MPJE, or another state-specific law exam if required.
  6. Complete background checks, fee payments, and any additional state-specific requirements.

Health systems-focused students should also understand the role of residency. A PGY1 pharmacy residency is not legally required for all pharmacist jobs, but many hospitals, academic medical centers, and clinical roles prefer or require residency training. PGY2 residencies are often used for specialization in areas such as critical care, oncology, infectious diseases, emergency medicine, psychiatry, informatics, or medication-use safety.

Board certification usually comes later, after licensure and practice experience or residency training. Certifications from the Board of Pharmacy Specialties can support advancement in clinical specialties, but eligibility requirements vary by specialty. Students should treat board certification as a career development step, not an entry requirement for the PharmD itself.

Online students can prepare for licensure and residency by being intentional from the first year. The following actions are especially useful for students who want hospital or health-system roles.

  • Choose IPPE and APPE sites that expose you to acute care, ambulatory care, drug information, transitions of care, and interprofessional practice.
  • Build relationships with faculty and preceptors who can write detailed residency or job recommendations.
  • Document clinical interventions, presentations, quality improvement projects, and leadership activities for your CV.
  • Join pharmacy organizations and participate in residency showcases, clinical competitions, or student chapters when available.
  • Ask whether the program offers NAPLEX preparation, MPJE support, residency advising, mock interviews, and CV review.

What careers can a PharmD with health systems pharmacy training lead to in U.S. healthcare?

A PharmD with health systems pharmacy training can lead to roles across hospitals, clinics, managed care, public health, academic medical centers, specialty pharmacy, pharmaceutical services, and healthcare technology. The common thread is medication expertise in complex systems rather than isolated prescription dispensing.

The U.S. healthcare system is moving toward team-based care, value-based purchasing, chronic disease management, and safer medication-use processes. Those trends create opportunities for pharmacists who can work across clinical care, operations, data, and quality improvement.

The table below outlines common career directions. It does not imply that every PharmD graduate qualifies immediately for every role; some positions may require residency, board certification, specialty experience, or state-specific credentials.

Career pathTypical settingCommon responsibilitiesAdditional preparation often preferred
Health-system staff pharmacistHospital or integrated delivery networkVerify medication orders, monitor therapy, support distribution, advise care teams, and ensure safe medication useHospital IPPE or APPE experience; residency preferred by some employers
Clinical pharmacistHospital unit, ambulatory clinic, specialty clinic, or academic medical centerManage medication therapy, round with teams, adjust therapy under protocols, educate patients and cliniciansPGY1 residency often preferred; PGY2 or board certification for specialties
Medication safety pharmacistHealth system, quality department, or patient safety officeAnalyze medication errors, improve policies, evaluate high-alert medications, lead safety initiativesHealth-system experience, quality improvement training, informatics exposure
Pharmacy informatics pharmacistHospital, EHR team, health IT vendor, or integrated systemOptimize order sets, clinical decision support, automation, data reporting, and medication-use technologyInformatics rotations, EHR experience, residency or certificate training may help
Managed care pharmacistHealth plan, PBM, accountable care organization, or population health programReview formularies, medication utilization, prior authorization policies, outcomes, and cost-effective therapyManaged care APPE, pharmacoeconomics, population health experience
Pharmacy leader or managerHospital pharmacy department, clinic network, or health systemOversee staff, budgets, compliance, operations, quality metrics, and medication-use strategyExperience, leadership training, residency with administration focus, or graduate management education

Students should also compare PharmD careers with adjacent clinical paths. For example, students interested in mental health diagnosis and prescribing through nursing practice may want to compare PharmD training with accelerated PMHNP programs, because the scope, licensure pathway, and patient-care role are different.

Technology is changing these roles but not removing the need for clinical judgment. Automation can handle parts of dispensing and inventory, while AI-assisted tools may support interaction checking, documentation, and population-level review. Health systems still need pharmacists who can interpret alerts, evaluate evidence, communicate risks, and design safer medication processes.

What salary ranges and advancement opportunities exist for health systems pharmacists with a PharmD?

Salary potential for health systems pharmacists depends on employer type, region, shift differentials, residency training, specialty area, union status, leadership responsibility, and years of experience. The BLS reported a 2024 median annual wage of $137,480 for pharmacists in the U.S. This is a useful benchmark, but it should not be treated as a guaranteed outcome for any specific graduate or program.

Health-system roles can vary widely. A new hospital pharmacist in a competitive metro area may face different compensation and hiring expectations than an experienced clinical specialist, informatics pharmacist, or pharmacy director. Residency may improve competitiveness for certain roles, but it also adds a year or more of lower trainee compensation compared with full pharmacist employment.

The table below summarizes advancement directions and what typically drives movement into higher-responsibility roles. Use it to think about long-term fit, not only first-job salary.

Advancement pathWhat changes in the roleCommon signals of readiness
Staff pharmacist to clinical pharmacistMore direct patient-care decision-making and collaboration with medical teamsStrong APPEs, PGY1 residency, clinical evaluations, and therapeutic expertise
Clinical pharmacist to specialistFocused practice in oncology, critical care, infectious diseases, pediatrics, psychiatry, cardiology, or another specialtyPGY2 residency, board certification, research, teaching, and specialty practice experience
Pharmacist to informatics pharmacistMore work with EHRs, automation, decision support, data, and workflow optimizationInformatics APPEs, project portfolio, health IT experience, and medication-use systems knowledge
Pharmacist to medication safety or quality leaderMore focus on error prevention, policy, reporting, and cross-department improvementQuality improvement projects, safety committee work, data analysis, and systems thinking
Clinical or operations role to manager or directorMore responsibility for people, budgets, compliance, strategy, and department performanceLeadership roles, administrative residency, management training, operational results, and communication skills

Students evaluating ROI should estimate a realistic payback scenario. Consider tuition, fees, living expenses, interest, time out of the workforce, residency plans, and whether the program's clinical network supports the kind of job you want. A higher-cost program may be reasonable if it offers strong placement support and fits your goals, but a lower-cost accredited program can be the smarter choice if outcomes and experiential access are comparable.

Salary discussions should also include work-life trade-offs. Hospital pharmacists may work evenings, weekends, holidays, overnight shifts, or high-pressure clinical services. Leadership and informatics roles may offer different schedules but require broader accountability and cross-functional problem-solving.

How can students evaluate and choose a reputable online PharmD in health systems pharmacy?

Choosing a reputable online PharmD with health systems pharmacy coursework requires more than scanning tuition and admissions pages. The best program is one that is accredited, affordable enough for your situation, authorized in your state, realistic for your schedule, and strong in the clinical settings where you want to work.

Use the following evaluation process before applying or paying a deposit. These steps are practical because they focus on verifiable information rather than rankings or marketing claims.

  1. Check ACPE accreditation directly and confirm that the online or distance pathway is part of the accredited PharmD program.
  2. Confirm state authorization for where you live and ask whether the program meets educational requirements for the state where you plan to seek licensure.
  3. Ask for a full curriculum map showing required courses, labs, campus visits, IPPEs, APPEs, electives, and health-system-related options.
  4. Request details on experiential placement support, including whether the school finds sites, whether students must locate sites, and what happens if a local placement falls through.
  5. Compare total cost of attendance, including fees, travel, rotations, equipment, exam costs, and lost income during full-time clinical training.
  6. Ask about NAPLEX preparation, MPJE support, residency advising, match support, clinical faculty access, and alumni outcomes.
  7. Speak with current students or recent graduates, especially those in the online pathway and those pursuing hospital or residency roles.
  8. Review academic support, remediation policies, technical requirements, attendance expectations, and policies for students who fall behind.

Common mistakes can make an otherwise strong applicant choose the wrong program. Watch for these red flags before committing.

  • Choosing a program without independently verifying ACPE accreditation and state licensure alignment.
  • Comparing tuition only while ignoring fees, travel, rotation housing, interest, and lost wages.
  • Assuming online coursework means clinical rotations will be online or available near home.
  • Failing to ask how many hospital, acute care, ambulatory care, and specialty APPEs are available to online students.
  • Assuming a PharmD is the right degree for healthcare leadership if you do not want pharmacist licensure.
  • Choosing an accelerated pathway without planning for workload, reduced employment, and residency preparation.
  • Relying on rankings, advertisements, or social media instead of accreditation, curriculum, cost, and experiential evidence.

A PharmD is worth considering if you want to become a pharmacist and are prepared for science-heavy coursework, clinical training, licensing exams, and ongoing professional development. It may not be the right investment if your main interest is general healthcare administration, nursing practice, laboratory research, or pharmaceutical sales without pharmacist licensure.

Before deciding, compare the PharmD with nearby healthcare degrees and career paths. The best choice is the one that matches your desired scope of practice, debt tolerance, schedule, and willingness to complete clinical training.

Other Things You Should Know About PharmD

Can I complete an online PharmD while working full time?

Some students work part time during didactic coursework, but full-time work is difficult in most PharmD programs. Labs, exams, group work, clinical requirements, and full-time APPE rotations can make a full-time job unrealistic, especially in later years.

Do I need a bachelor's degree before applying to an online PharmD program?

Not always. Some PharmD programs admit students after required prerequisites, while others prefer or require a bachelor's degree. Applicants should check each school's prerequisite list, credit requirements, GPA policy, and transfer rules.

Can international pharmacy graduates use an online PharmD to become licensed in the U.S.?

It depends on the applicant's prior education, immigration status, state board rules, and whether the program accepts internationally educated pharmacists. International graduates should contact both the school and the relevant state board before assuming a PharmD pathway will meet licensure requirements.

Is a residency required to work in a hospital pharmacy?

A residency is not a universal legal requirement, but many hospitals prefer or require PGY1 residency training for clinical pharmacist roles. Students who want specialty, academic medical center, or highly competitive health-system positions should plan early for residency preparation.

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